| príliš veľký na to, aby mohol skrachovať: Ide o prívlastok veľkých bánk, ktorých dôležité ústredné postavenie v ekonomike zaručuje, že ich vláda zachráni, ak sa dostanú do finančných ťažkostí. Banka teda neznáša všetky náklady svojej činnosti, a preto je ochotnejšia podstupovať väčšie riziko. | too big to fail: Said to be a characteristic of large banks, whose central importance in the economy ensures they will be saved by the government if they are in financial difficulty. The bank thus does not bear all the costs of its activities and is therefore likely to take bigger risks. |
| absolútna výhoda: | absolute advantage: A person or a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a particular good if, given a set of available inputs, they can produce more of it than another person or country. A person or country has this in the production of a good if the inputs it uses to produce this good are less than in some other person or country. |
| acyklický: | acyclical: No tendency to move either in the same or opposite direction to aggregate output and employment over the business cycle. |
| administratívne uskutočniteľný: Opatrenia, na ktorých realizáciu má vláda dostatok informácií a zamestnancov. | administratively feasible: Policies for which the government has sufficient information and staff for implementation. |
| aglomerančné úspory: | economies of agglomeration: The advantages that firms may enjoy when they are located close to other firms in the same or related industries. |
| agregátna spotrebná funkcia: | consumption function (aggregate): A relationship that shows how consumption spending in the economy as a whole depends on other variables. For example, in the multiplier model, aggregate consumption depends on current disposable income and autonomous consumption. An equation that shows how consumption spending in the economy as a whole depends on other variables. For example, in the multiplier model, the other variables are current disposable income and autonomous consumption. |
| agregátny dopyt: | aggregate demand: The total of the components of planned spending in the economy: AD = C + I + G + X – M. It is the total amount of demand for (or planned expenditure on) goods and services produced in the economy. The total of the components of spending in the economy, added to get GDP: Y = C + I + G + X – M. It is the total amount of demand for (or expenditure on) goods and services produced in the economy. |
| agregátny produkt: | aggregate output: The total output in an economy, across all sectors and regions. |
| akcia: Časť majetku firmy, s ktorou možno obchodovať. Majiteľovi dáva právo dostávať časť zisku firmy a čerpať výhody zo zvyšovania hodnoty majetku firmy. | share: A part of the assets of a firm that may be traded. It gives the holder a right to receive a proportion of a firm's profit and to benefit when the firm's assets become more valuable. |
| aktívum: Všetko, čo má hodnotu a je vo vlastníctve. | asset: Anything of value that is owned. |
| alokácia: Opis toho, čo jednotlivci robia, aké sú dôsledky ich konania a kto vo výsledku dostane čo (napríklad stratégie jednotlivých hráčov v hre a príslušné výplaty). | allocation: A description of who does what, the consequences of their actions, and who gets what as a result (for example in a game, the strategies adopted by each player and their resulting payoffs). |
| altruizmus: Ochota znášať určité náklady s úmyslom pomôcť niekomu inému. Altruizmus je spoločenská preferencia. | altruism: The willingness to bear a cost in order to help another person. Altruism is a social preference. |
| amorálny trh: Trh, na ktorom sa kupuje a predáva niečo, čo by sa podľa ľudí nemalo vymieňať na trhu. | repugnant market: Buying or selling something that people believe ought not to be exchanged on a market. |
| antitrustová politika: Vládna politika a zákony na obmedzenie monopolnej moci a zabránenie kartelom. Označuje sa aj ako: politika hospodárskej súťaže. | antitrust policy: Government policy and laws to limit monopoly power and prevent cartels. Also known as: competition policy. |
| arbitráž: Nakupovanie tovaru za nízku cenu na jednom trhu s cieľom predať ho za vyššiu cenu na inom trhu. Obchodníci zapojení do arbitráže využívajú rozdiel v cene toho istého tovaru medzi dvoma krajinami alebo regiónmi. Pokiaľ sú obchodné náklady nižšie ako cenový rozdiel, dosahujú zisk. | arbitrage: The practice of buying a good at a low price in one market to sell it at a higher price in another. Traders engaging in arbitrage take advantage of the price difference for the same good between two countries or regions. As long as the trade costs are lower than the price gap, they make a profit. |
| asymetrické informácie: Informácie, ktoré sú relevantné pre všetky strany v ekonomickej interakcii, ale niektorým sú známe a iným nie. | asymmetric information: Information that is relevant to all the parties in an economic interaction, but is known by some and not by others. |
| austeritná politika / úsporná fiškálna politika: | austerity: A term used to describe policies through which a government tries to improve its budgetary position in a recession by increasing its saving. A policy where a government tries to improve its budgetary position in a recession by increasing its saving. |
| automatické stabilizátory: | automatic stabilizers: Automatic stabilizers are tax and transfer policies that have the effect of offsetting an expansion or contraction of the economy. For example, spending on unemployment benefits rises during a recession. Characteristics of the tax and transfer system in an economy that have the effect of offsetting an expansion or contraction of the economy. An example is the unemployment benefits system. |
| automatizácia: | automation: The use of machines that are substitutes for labour. |
| autonómna spotreba: | autonomous consumption: In a model of consumption demand, autonomous consumption is planned consumption expenditure that does not depend on other variables in the model (such as income, or the interest rate). Consumption that is independent of current income. |
| autonómny dopyt: | autonomous demand: In a model of demand for goods and services, autonomous demand is planned expenditure that does not depend on other variables in the model (such as income, or the interest rate). Components of aggregate demand that are independent of current income. |
| autorské právo: Vlastnícke právo na používanie a distribúciu pôvodného diela. | copyright: Ownership rights over the use and distribution of an original work. |
| averzia voči nerovnosti: Odpor voči výsledkom, v ktorých niektorí jedinci získajú viac než iní. Pokladá sa za spoločenskú preferenciu. | inequality aversion: A dislike of outcomes in which some individuals receive more than others. It is considered a social preference. |
| averzia voči riziku: Preferencia istých výsledkov pred neistými. | risk aversion: A preference for certain over uncertain outcomes. |
| banka: Firma, ktorá v procese poskytovania úverov vytvára peniaze vo forme bankových vkladov. | bank: A firm that creates money in the form of bank deposits in the process of supplying credit. |
| bankové peniaze: Peniaze vo forme bankových vkladov vytvárané komerčnými bankami, keď poskytujú úvery firmám a domácnostiam. | bank money: Money in the form of bank deposits created by commercial banks when they extend credit to firms and households. |
| bariéry vstupu na trh: | barriers to entry: The term barriers to entry refers to anything making it difficult for new firms to enter a market, such as intellectual property rights or economies of scale in production. |
| behaviorálny experiment: Experiment navrhnutý na preskúmanie určitého aspektu ľudského správania. | behavioural experiment: An experiment designed to study some aspect of human behaviour. |
| Beveridgeova krivka: | Beveridge curve: The inverse relationship between the unemployment rate and the job vacancy rate (each expressed as a fraction of the labour force). Named after the British economist of the same name. |
| bežný účet: | current account (CA): The sum of all payments made to a country minus all payments made by the country. |
| biologicky uskutočniteľný: Alokácia, ktorá umožňuje účastníkom interakcie prežiť, je biologicky uskutočniteľná. | biologically feasible: An allocation that is capable of sustaining the survival of those involved is biologically feasible. |
| biologické obmedzenie prežitia: | biological survival constraint: This shows all the points that are ‘biologically feasible’. |
| bohatstvo: Zásoba vecí vo vlastníctve či ich hodnota. Zahŕňa trhovú hodnotu domu, auta, pozemkov, budov, strojov alebo iných kapitálových statkov, ktorý môže osoba vlastniť, a všetkých finančných aktív, ako sú bankové vklady, akcie, dlhopisy alebo pôžičky poskytnuté iným osobám. Od majetku sa odpočítavajú dlhy voči iným osobám – napríklad hypotéka v banke. | wealth: Stock of things owned or value of that stock. It includes the market value of a home, car, any land, buildings, machinery, or other capital goods that a person may own, and any financial assets, such as bank deposits, shares, bonds, or loans made to others. Debts to others are subtracted from wealth—for example, the mortgage owed to the bank. |
| brettonwoodský menový systém: | Bretton Woods system: An international monetary system of fixed but adjustable exchange rates, established at the end of the Second World War. It replaced the gold standard that was abandoned during the Great Depression. |
| bublina cien aktív: Trvalý a výrazný rast ceny aktíva, ktorý poháňajú očakávania budúceho rastu cien. | asset price bubble: A sustained and significant rise in the price of an asset, fuelled by expectations of future price increases. |
| burza: Finančný trh, na ktorom sa obchoduje s akciami a inými finančnými aktívami. Je k dispozícii zoznam spoločností, ktorých akcie sa na burze obchodujú. | stock exchange: A financial marketplace where shares (also known as stocks) and other financial assets are traded. It has a list of companies whose shares are traded there. |
| celkový prebytok: Celkové výhody zo vzájomného obchodu, ktoré získali všetky strany zapojené do výmeny. Meria sa ako súčet prebytku spotrebiteľa a výrobcu. | total surplus: The total gains from trade received by all parties involved in the exchange. It is measured as the sum of the consumer and producer surpluses. |
| cena vyčisťujúca trh: Pri tejto cene nedochádza k nadmernej ponuke ani nadmernému dopytu. | market-clearing price: At this price there is no excess supply or excess demand. |
| cenová diskriminácia: Stratégia predaja, pri ktorej sú pre rôznych kupujúcich alebo skupiny kupujúcich stanovené rôzne ceny za ten istý výrobok alebo sa ceny za jednotku líšia v závislosti od počtu zakúpených jednotiek. | price discrimination: A selling strategy in which different prices for the same product are set for different buyers or groups of buyers, or per-unit prices vary depending on the number of units purchased. |
| cenová elasticita dopytu: Percentuálna zmena dopytu, ku ktorej by došlo v reakcii na 1 % zvýšenie ceny. Elasticitu vyjadrujeme ako kladné číslo. Ak je elasticita vyššia ako 1, dopyt je elastický, ak je nižšia ako 1, je neelastický. | price elasticity of demand: The percentage change in demand that would occur in response to a 1% increase in price. We express this as a positive number. Demand is elastic if this is greater than 1, and inelastic if less than 1. |
| cenová elasticita ponuky: Percentuálna zmena ponuky, ktorá by nastala ako reakcia na zvýšenie ceny o 1 %. Ponuka je elastická, ak je elasticita väčšia ako 1, a neelastická, ak je menšia ako 1. | price elasticity of supply: The percentage change in supply that would occur in response to a 1% increase in price. Supply is elastic if this is greater than 1, and inelastic if less than 1. |
| cenová krivka: Krivka, ktorá vyplýva z cenových rozhodnutí firiem na trhoch s tovarmi a službami (trh výrobkov) a udáva reálnu mzdu vyplácanú, keď si firmy zvolia cenu maximalizujúcu zisk. | price-setting (PS) curve: The curve—arising from the price-setting decisions of firms in markets for goods and services (the product market)—that gives the real wage paid when firms choose their profit-maximizing price. |
| cenová marža: Cena mínus hraničné náklady vydelené cenou. Je nepriamo úmerná elasticite dopytu po tomto tovare. | price markup: The price minus the marginal cost, divided by the price. It is inversely proportional to the elasticity of demand for this good. |
| cenový príjemca: Charakteristika výrobcov a spotrebiteľov, ktorí nemôžu mať prospech z toho, že ponúkajú alebo žiadajú inú cenu, ako je trhová cena v rovnovážnom stave konkurenčného trhu. Nemajú žiadnu moc ovplyvniť trhovú cenu. | price-taker: Characteristic of producers and consumers who cannot benefit by offering or asking any price other than the market price in the equilibrium of a competitive market. They have no power to influence the market price. |
| cenový rozdiel: Rozdiel v cene tovaru vo vyvážajúcej a dovážajúcej krajine. Zahŕňa náklady na dopravu a obchodné dane. Ak sú globálne trhy v konkurenčnej rovnováhe, tieto rozdiely budú úplne spôsobené obchodnými nákladmi. | price gap: A difference in the price of a good in the exporting country and the importing country. It includes transportation costs and trade taxes. When global markets are in competitive equilibrium, these differences will be entirely due to trade costs. |
| centrálna banka: Jediná banka, ktorá môže vytvárať menovú bázu. Zvyčajne ide o štátnu inštitúciu. Komerčné banky majú v tejto banke účty, na ktorých je uložená menová báza. | central bank: The only bank that can create base money. Usually part of the government. Commercial banks have accounts at this bank, holding base money. |
| centrálne plánovanie: | central planning: In a centrally-planned economy, decisions about what to produce and how are taken by the government, rather than by firms responding to market prices. |
| ceteris paribus: Ekonómovia často analýzy zjednodušujú tak, že nezohľadňujú veci, ktoré sa považujú za menej relevantné pre skúmanú otázku. Toto slovné spojenie možno doslova preložiť ako „ostatné veci sú rovnaké“. Pre ekonomické modely to znamená, že v rámci analýzy sú ostatné podmienky konštantné. | ceteris paribus: Economists often simplify analysis by setting aside things that are thought to be of less importance to the question of interest. The literal meaning of the expression is 'other things equal'. In an economic model it means an analysis 'holds other things constant'. |
| chýbajúci trh: Trh, na ktorom existuje určitý druh výmeny, ktorá by v prípade realizácie bola vzájomne výhodná. Nedochádza k nej z dôvodu asymetrických alebo neoveriteľných informácií. | missing market: A market in which there is some kind of exchange that, if implemented, would be mutually beneficial. This does not occur due to asymmetric or non-verifiable information. |
| cieľové bohatstvo: | target wealth: The level of wealth that a household aims to hold, based on its economic goals (or preferences) and expectations. We assume that households try to maintain this level of wealth in the face of changes in their economic situation, as long as it is possible to do so. |
| clo: | tariff: A tax on a good imported into a country. |
| cyklická nezamestnanosť: Zvýšenie nezamestnanosti nad rovnovážnu nezamestnanosť spôsobené poklesom agregátneho dopytu v súvislosti s hospodárskym cyklom. | cyclical unemployment: The increase in unemployment above equilibrium unemployment caused by a fall in aggregate demand associated with the business cycle. |
| cyklická zložka: | cyclical component: The short-run (business cycle) fluctuations around the long-run trend component of a macroeconomic time series. Commonly obtained using the Hodrick–Prescott (HP) filter. |
| danosti: Skutočnosti o človeku, ktoré môžu ovplyvniť jeho príjem, napríklad bohatstvo, ktoré vlastní, či už ide o pôdu, nehnuteľnosti alebo portfólio akcií (podiely). Zahŕňajú aj úroveň a kvalitu vzdelania, špeciálne školenia, počítačové jazyky, s ktorými daný človek dokáže pracovať, pracovné skúsenosti zo stáží, občianstvo, či má daná osoba víza (alebo zelenú kartu) potrebné na zamestnanie na konkrétnom trhu práce, štátnu príslušnosť, pohlavie danej osoby, a dokonca jej rasu či sociálnu vrstvu. | endowment: The facts about an individual that may affect his or her income, such as the physical wealth a person has, either land, housing, or a portfolio of shares (stocks). Also includes level and quality of schooling, special training, the computer languages in which the individual can work, work experience in internships, citizenship, whether the individual has a visa (or green card) allowing employment in a particular labour market, the nationality and gender of the individual, and even the person's race or social class background. |
| daň: Povinná platba štátu odvádzaná napr. z príjmu pracovníkov (daň z príjmu), zo ziskov firiem (daň zo zisku) alebo zahrnutá v cene tovarov a služieb (daň z pridanej hodnoty alebo daň z predaja). | tax: A compulsory payment to the government levied, for example, on workers' incomes (income taxes) and firms' profits (profit taxes) or included in the price paid for goods and services (value added or sales taxes). |
| decil: Podmnožina pozorovaní vytvorená tak, že celý súbor pozorovaní zoradíme podľa hodnôt určitej premennej a potom ho rozdelíme na desať skupín rovnakej veľkosti. Prvý decil napríklad označuje 10 % najnižších hodnôt v súbore pozorovaní. | decile: A subset of observations, formed by ordering the full set of observations according to the values of a particular variable and then splitting the set into ten equally-sized groups. For example, the 1st decile refers to the smallest 10% of values in a set of observations. |
| deficit bežného účtu: | current account deficit: The excess of the value of a country’s imports over the combined value of its exports plus its net earnings from assets abroad. |
| deflácia: Zníženie všeobecnej cenovej hladiny. | deflation: A decrease in the general price level. |
| deflátor HDP: | GDP deflator: A measure of the change in the level of prices for domestically produced output, based on price changes of consumption, investment, government expenditure, and exports. A measure of the level of prices for domestically produced output. This is the ratio of nominal (or current price) GDP to real (or constant price) GDP. |
| demografická transformácia: | demographic transition: A slowdown in population growth as a fall in death rate is more than balanced by a fall in birth rates. |
| demokracia: Politický systém, v ktorom majú v ideálnom prípade všetci občania rovnakú politickú moc a vyznačuje sa individuálnymi právami ako sloboda slova, zhromažďovania a tlače, spravodlivými voľbami, v ktorých majú právo voliť v podstate všetci dospelí a vláda po prehre odstúpi. | democracy: A political system, that ideally gives equal political power to all citizens, defined by individual rights such as freedom of speech, assembly, and the press; fair elections in which virtually all adults are eligible to vote; and in which the government leaves office if it loses. |
| demokratická zodpovednosť: | democratic accountability: Political accountability by means of elections and other democratic processes. |
| demonštratívna spotreba: Nákup tovaru alebo služieb na verejné prezentovanie svojho sociálneho a ekonomického postavenia. | conspicuous consumption: The purchase of goods or services to publicly display one's social and economic status. |
| derivát: | derivative: A financial instrument in the form of a contract that can be traded, whose value is based on the performance of underlying assets such as shares, bonds or real estate. |
| dezinflácia: Zníženie miery inflácie. | disinflation: A decrease in the rate of inflation. |
| deľba práce: Špecializácia výrobcov na vykonávanie rôznych úloh vo výrobnom procese. | division of labour: The specialization of producers to carry out different tasks in the production process. |
| diferencovaný produkt: Výrobok vyrábaný jednou firmou, ktorý má v porovnaní s podobnými výrobkami iných firiem niektoré jedinečné vlastnosti. | differentiated product: A product produced by a single firm that has some unique characteristics compared to similar products of other firms. |
| difúzia: | diffusion: The spread of the invention throughout the economy. |
| difúzna medzera: | diffusion gap: The lag between the first introduction of an innovation and its general use. |
| diskontná sadzba: Miera netrpezlivosti osoby: ako veľmi si táto osoba cení dodatočnú jednotku spotreby v súčasnosti v porovnaní s dodatočnou jednotkou spotreby neskôr. Ide o absolútnu hodnotu sklonu indiferenčnej krivky osoby pre spotrebu teraz a spotrebu neskôr mínus jedna. | discount rate: A measure of a person's impatience: how much that person values an additional unit of consumption now relative to an additional unit of consumption later. It is the absolute value of the slope of a person's indifference curve for consumption now and consumption later, minus one. |
| diskontovanie nákladov a prínosov budúcich generácií: | discounting future generations' costs and benefits: A measure of how we currently value the costs and benefits experienced by people who will live in the future. Note that this is not a measure of individual impatience about one’s own future benefits and costs. |
| disponibilný príjem: Príjem, ktorý má človek k dispozícii po zaplatení daní a prijatí dávok od štátu. | disposable income: A household or individual’s disposable income is the maximum they can spend (‘dispose of’) without borrowing or using savings, after paying tax and receiving transfers (such as unemployment insurance and pensions) from the government. It is also the maximum amount a household or individual could consume over a given time period while leaving their wealth unchanged. Disposable income is measured over a period of time, such as a year. Income available after paying taxes and receiving transfers from the government. |
| distribučne neutrálny: | distributionally neutral: A policy that is neither progressive or regressive so that it does not alter the distribution of income. |
| dlhodobá rovnováha: | long-run equilibrium: An equilibrium that is achieved when variables that were held constant in the short run (for example, the number of firms in a market) are allowed to adjust, as people have time to respond the situation. An equilibrium that is achieved when variables that were held constant in the short run (for example, the number of firms in a market) are allowed to adjust, as people have time to respond the situation. |
| dlhodobý horizont: | long run: The term does not refer to a specific length of time, but instead to what is held constant and what can vary within a model. The short run refers to what happens while some variables (such as prices, wages, or capital stock) are held constant (taken to be exogenous). The long run refers to what happens when these variables are allowed to vary and be determined by the model (they become endogenous). A long-run cost curve, for example, refers to costs when the firm can fully adjust all of the inputs including its capital goods. |
| dlhodobý (model): | long run (model): The term does not refer to a period of time, but instead to what is exogenous. A long-run cost curve, for example, refers to costs when the firm can fully adjust all of the inputs including its capital goods; but technology and the economy’s institutions are exogenous. |
| dlhopis: | bond: A financial asset where the government (or a company) borrows for a set period of time and promises to make regular fixed payments to the lender (and to return the money when the period is at an end). A type of financial asset for which the issuer promises to pay a given amount over time to the holder. Also known as: corporate bonds. |
| doháňací rast: | catch-up growth: When an economy with relatively low GDP experiences a period of rapid growth that brings incomes closer to those in high-income countries, this is described as catch-up growth. The process by which many (but far from all) economies in the world close the gap between the world leader and their own economy. |
| dokonalá konkurencia: | perfect competition: Perfect competition is the type of interaction between buyers and sellers that takes place in the equilibrium of a market when (i) there are many buyers and sellers of identical goods, and (ii) supply equals demand and all participants act as price-takers. |
| dominantná stratégia: Stratégia, vďaka ktorej hráč dosiahne najvyššiu odmenu bez ohľadu na to, čo urobia ostatní hráči. | dominant strategy: Strategy that yields the highest payoff for a player, no matter what the other players do. |
| dominantná technológia: | dominant technology: A technology that produces the same amount at lower cost than alternative technologies irrespective of the prices of inputs. It is capable of producing the same amount of output as the alternative technology with less of at least one input, and not more of any input. |
| dominovaný: | dominated: We describe an outcome in this way if more of something that is positively valued can be attained without less of anything else that is positively valued. In short: an outcome is dominated if there is a win-win alternative. |
| dopytová strana: | demand side: The demand side of the economy refers to the expenditure on the goods and services it produces, which consists of consumption, investment, government purchases, and purchases by foreigners. In a microeconomic model of the market for a particular good, it refers to the decisions of the buyers of the good. |
| dopytová strana (agregátnej ekonomiky): | demand side (aggregate economy): How spending decisions generate demand for goods and services, and as a result, employment and output. It uses the multiplier model. |
| dopytový šok: | demand shock: An unexpected or exogenous change in demand. In macroconomics a demand shock means a change in aggregate demand, such as a rise or fall in autonomous consumption, investment, or exports. In microeconomics it refers to an exogenous shift in the demand curve for a particular good. An unexpected change in aggregate demand, such as a rise or fall in autonomous consumption, investment, or exports. |
| dotykový bod: Bod, v ktorom sa priamka dotkne krivky, no nepretne ju. | tangency: When a line touches a curve, but does not cross it. |
| dovoz: | imports: Goods and services produced in other countries and purchased by domestic households, firms, and the government. |
| dovoz (M): | imports (M): Goods and services produced in other countries and purchased by domestic households, firms, and the government. |
| družstvo: Podnik, ktorý z väčšej časti alebo úplne vlastnia jeho pracovníci, ktorí najímajú a prepúšťajú manažérov. | cooperative firm: A firm that is mostly or entirely owned by its workers, who hire and fire the managers. |
| družstvo vlastnené pracovníkmi: Forma podniku, v ktorom podstatnú časť kapitálových statkov vlastnia zamestnanci, a nie tí, ktorí sa nepodieľajú na výrobe vo firme; zamestnanci-vlastníci zvyčajne volia manažéra, ktorý prijíma každodenné rozhodnutia. | worker-owned cooperative: A form of business in which a substantial fraction of the capital goods are owned by employees rather than being owned by those who are not involved in production in the firm; worker-owners typically elect a manager to make day-to-day decisions. |
| dôchodkový efekt: Napríklad vplyv na výber spotreby tovaru, ktorý by mala zmena príjmu, ak by nedošlo k zmene ceny alebo nákladov obetovanej príležitosti. | income effect: The effect, for example, on the choice of consumption of a good that a change in income would have if there were no change in the price or opportunity cost. |
| efekt hlasu odborov: Pozitívny vplyv na pracovné úsilie (a tým aj produktivitu práce) má pocit členov odborov, že majú vplyv na riadenie podniku. | union voice effect: The positive effect on labour effort (and hence labour productivity) of trade union members' sense that they have a say (a voice) in how the firm is run. |
| efektívna jednotka: Jednotka úsilia sa niekedy označuje ako efektívna jednotka. | efficiency unit: A unit of effort is sometimes called an efficiency unit. |
| efektívna sadzba dane zo zisku: | effective tax rate on profits: This is calculated by taking the before-tax profit rate, subtracting the after-tax profit rate, and dividing the result by the before-tax profit rate. This fraction is usually multiplied by 1 and reported as a percentage. |
| efektívnostné mzdy: Platba zamestnávateľa, ktorá je vyššia ako rezervačná mzda zamestnanca, aby motivovala zamestnanca k väčšiemu úsiliu v práci, než by sa inak rozhodol vynaložiť. | efficiency wages: The payment an employer makes that is higher than an employee's reservation wage, so as to motivate the employee to provide more effort on the job than he or she would otherwise choose to make. |
| ekonomicky uskutočniteľný: Prívlastok opatrení, ktorých želané výsledky predstavujú Nashovu rovnováhu, takže po ich zavedení súkromné ekonomické subjekty želané účinky nebudú obchádzať. | economically feasible: Policies for which the desired outcomes are a Nash equilibrium, so that once implemented private economic actors will not undo the desired effects. |
| ekonomická nerovnosť: Rozdiely medzi členmi spoločnosti v určitom ekonomickom ukazovateli, ako je bohatstvo, príjem alebo mzda. | economic inequality: Differences among members of a society in some economic attribute such as wealth, income, or wages. |
| ekonomická renta: Platba alebo iná výhoda, ktorú človek získa nad rámec toho, čo by získal pri druhej najlepšej alternatíve (alebo v rezervačnej možnosti). | economic rent: A payment or other benefit received above and beyond what the individual would have received in his or her next best alternative (or reservation option). |
| ekonomická zodpovednosť: Zodpovednosť dosiahnutá ekonomickými procesmi, najmä konkurenciou medzi firmami či inými subjektmi, pričom nezohľadnenie vplyvov bude mať za následok straty na zisku alebo neúspech podniku. | economic accountability: Accountability achieved by economic processes, notably competition among firms or other entities in which failure to take account of those affected will result in losses in profits or in business failure. |
| ekonomické náklady: Vlastné náklady na činnosť plus náklady obetovanej príležitosti. | economic cost: The out-of-pocket cost of an action, plus the opportunity cost. |
| ekonomický systém: Inštitúcie, ktoré organizujú výrobu a distribúciu tovarov a služieb v celej ekonomike. | economic system: A way of organizing the economy that is distinctive in its basic institutions. Economic systems of the past and present include: central economic planning (e.g. the Soviet Union in the 20th century), feudalism (e.g. much of Europe in the early Middle Ages), slave economy (e.g. the US South and the Caribbean plantation economies prior to the abolition of slavery in the 19th century), and capitalism (most of the world’s economies today). |
| ekonomický zisk: Príjmy firmy mínus jej celkové náklady (vrátane alternatívnych nákladov kapitálu). | economic profit: A firm's revenue minus its total costs (including the opportunity cost of capital). |
| ekonómia: Veda, ktorá sa zaoberá tým, ako ľudia ovplyvňujú prírodné prostredie a seba navzájom pri zabezpečovaní živobytia a ako sa toto pôsobenie mení v čase. | economics: The study of how people interact with each other and with their natural surroundings in providing their livelihoods, and how this changes over time. |
| endogénny: Vznikajúci skôr na základe fungovania modelu, než aby prichádzal zvonku. | endogenous: Produced by the workings of a model rather than coming from outside the model. |
| evolučná ekonómia: | evolutionary economics: An approach that studies the process of economic change, which includes technological innovation, the diffusion of new social norms, and the development of novel institutions. An approach that studies the process of economic change, including technological innovation, the diffusion of new social norms, and the development of novel institutions. |
| exogénny: Pochádzajúci zvonku modelu, nie spôsobený fungovaním samotného modelu. | exogenous: Coming from outside the model rather than being produced by the workings of the model itself. |
| exogénny šok: Zásadná zmena v externých podmienkach ovplyvňujúca model. | exogenous shock: A sharp change in external conditions affecting a model. |
| externalita: Keď činnosť istej osoby so sebou prináša výhody alebo náklady pre iného jednotlivca a daná osoba tento vplyv pri rozhodovaní o svojej činnosti nezohľadňuje. Ide o externalitu, lebo nie je súčasťou rozhodovacieho procesu osoby, ktorá danú činnosť vykonáva. Pozitívne externality odkazujú na výhody a negatívne na náklady, ktoré znášajú ostatní. Pri osobe, ktorá nepriamo vdychuje dym z cigarety inej osoby, ide o negatívnu externalitu. Radosť z krásnej záhrady vášho suseda je pozitívna externalita. | external effect: When a person's action confers a benefit or cost on some other individual, and this effect is not taken account of by the person in deciding to take the action. It is external because it is not included in the decision-making process of the person taking the action. Positive effects refer to benefits, and negative effects to costs, that are experienced by others. A person breathing second-hand smoke from someone else's cigarette is a negative external effect. Enjoying your neighbour's beautiful garden is a positive external effect. |
| externé náklady: Negatívny efekt výrobného, spotrebného alebo iného ekonomického rozhodnutia, ktorý nie je stanovený v zmluve ako záväzok. | external diseconomy: A negative effect of a production, consumption, or other economic decision, that is not specified as a liability in a contract. |
| externé úspory: Pozitívny efekt výrobného, spotrebného alebo iného ekonomického rozhodnutia, ktorý nie je špecifikovaný v zmluve ako plnenie. | external economy: A positive effect of a production, consumption, or other economic decision, that is not specified as a benefit in a contract. |
| finančná deregulácia: Opatrenia, ktoré bankám a iným finančným inštitúciám umožňujú väčšiu voľnosť pri výbere druhov finančných aktív, ktoré môžu predávať, ako aj ďalšie postupy. | financial deregulation: Policies allowing banks and other financial institutions greater freedom in the types of financial assets they can sell, as well as other practices. |
| finančný akcelerátor: | financial accelerator: When an asset (such as housing) is used as collateral for loans, an increase in price raises the value of the collateral enabling more borrowing, raising demand, and causing further price rises. This amplification process is called a financial accelerator. The mechanism through which firms’ and households’ ability to borrow increases when the value of the collateral they have pledged to the lender (often a bank) goes up. |
| firma: Obchodná organizácia, ktorá za mzdy a platy zamestnáva ľudí a nakupuje vstupy na účel výroby a predaja tovarov a služieb s cieľom dosiahnuť zisk. | firm: Economic organizations in which private owners of capital goods hire and direct labour to produce goods and services for sale on markets to make a profit. |
| Fisherova rovnica: Vzťah, ktorý udáva reálnu úrokovú mieru ako rozdiel medzi nominálnou úrokovou mierou a očakávanou infláciou: reálna úroková miera = nominálna úroková miera - očakávaná inflácia. | Fisher equation: The relation that gives the real interest rate as the difference between the nominal interest rate and expected inflation: real interest rate = nominal interest rate – expected inflation. |
| fixné náklady: Výrobné náklady, ktoré sa nemenia s počtom vyrobených jednotiek. | fixed costs: Costs of production that do not vary with the number of units produced. |
| fiškálna kapacita: Schopnosť vlády uložiť a vybrať od obyvateľstva vysoké dane pri nízkych administratívnych a iných nákladoch. Jedným z ukazovateľov je podiel vybranej sumy a nákladov na správu daňového systému. | fiscal capacity: The ability of a government to impose and collect substantial taxes from a population at low administrative and other costs. One measure of this is the amount collected divided by the cost of administering the tax system. |
| funkcia užitočnosti: | utility function: A utility function is a mathematical representation of a person’s preferences for one or more goods. It gives a numerical value to the amount of utility the person obtains from each possible combination of goods. |
| gig ekonomika: Ekonomika pozostávajúca z ľudí, ktorí poskytujú služby prostredníctvom počítačovej platformy, a tých, ktorí za tieto služby platia. Pracovníci sú platení za každú vykonanú úlohu, nie za hodinu. Nie sú právne uznávaní ako zamestnanci spoločnosti, ktorá platformu vlastní, a zvyčajne dostávajú od majiteľov okrem spojenia so zákazníkmi len málo výhod. | gig economy: An economy made up of people performing services matched by means of a computer platform with those paying for the service. Workers are paid for each task they complete, and not per hour. They are not legally recognized as employees of the company that owns the platform, and typically receive few benefits from the owners, other than matching. |
| Giniho koeficient: Miera nerovnosti v určitom ukazovateli, ako napr. v príjme alebo majetku, ktorá sa vyjadruje na rozsahu od nuly (ak nerovnosť neexistuje) po jednotku (ak všetko dostane jeden človek). | Gini coefficient: A measure of inequality of any quantity such as income or wealth, varying from a value of zero (if there is no inequality) to one (if a single individual receives all of it). |
| globalizácia: | globalization: A process by which the economies of the world become increasingly integrated by the freer flow across national boundaries of goods, investment, finance, and to a lesser extent, labour. The term is sometimes applied more broadly to include ideas, culture, and even the spread of epidemic diseases. |
| globalizácia I a II: | Globalization I and II: Two separate periods of increasing global economic integration: the first extended from before 1870 until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, and the second extended from the end of the Second World War into the twenty-first century. |
| hedžové financovanie: Financovanie, ktoré firmy využívajú na plnenie zmluvných platobných záväzkov pomocou peňažných tokov. Termín vytvoril Hyman Minsky vo svojej Hypotéze finančnej nestability. | hedge finance: Financing used by firms to fulfil contractual payment obligations using cashflow. Term coined by Hyman Minsky in his Financial Instability Hypothesis. |
| homo economicus: Latinský výraz pre človeka ekonomického označujúci postavu, ktorá koná na základe amorálneho nasledovania vlastného záujmu. | homo economicus: Latin for ‘economic man’, referring to an actor assumed to adopt behaviours based on an amoral calculation of self-interest. |
| hospodársky cyklus: | business cycle: Alternating periods of faster and slower (or even negative) growth rates. The economy goes from boom to recession and back to boom. Alternating periods of faster and slower (or even negative) growth rates. The economy goes from boom to recession and back to boom. |
| hra: Model strategickej interakcie, ktorý obsahuje opis hráčov, možných stratégií, informácií, ktoré majú hráči k dispozícii, a ich odmeny. | game: A model of strategic interaction that describes the players, the feasible strategies, the information that the players have, and their payoffs. |
| hra jastrab a holubica: Hra, v ktorej dochádza ku konfliktu (keď sa stretnú jastraby), deleniu sa (keď sa stretnú holubice) alebo zhabaniu (keď jastrab stretne holubicu). | hawk-dove game: A game in which there is conflict (when hawks meet), sharing (when doves meet), and taking (by a hawk when it meets a dove). |
| hra neviditeľná ruka trhu: Hra, v ktorej je len jedna Nashova rovnováha a v ktorej neexistuje iný výsledok, pri ktorom by dosiahli obaja hráči vyššiu odmenu, resp. jeden vyššiu a druhý rovnakú. | invisible hand game: A game in which there is a single Nash equilibrium and where there is no other outcome in which both players would be better off or at least one better off and the other not worse off. |
| hra s nulovým súčtom: | zero sum game: A game in which the payoff gains and losses of the individuals sum to zero, for all combinations of strategies they might pursue. |
| hra ultimátum: Interakcia, v ktorej prvý hráč navrhne rozdelenie koláča s druhým hráčom. Ten navrhované rozdelenie môže prijať, v tom prípade obaja dostanú podiel navrhnutý prvým hráčom, alebo ponuku odmietnuť a žiadny hráč nedostane nič. | ultimatum game: An interaction in which the first player proposes a division of a 'pie' with the second player, who may either accept, in which case they each get the division proposed by the first person, or reject the offer, in which case both players receive nothing. |
| hra verejné statky: Podobne ako pri hre väzňova dilema s viac ako dvoma osobami, dominantnou stratégiou je na verejný statok neprispievať. | public good game: Similar to a prisoners' dilemma game with more than two people; the dominant strategy is not to contribute to the public good. |
| hranica dostupných možností: Krivka tvorená bodmi, ktoré predstavujú maximálne dostupné množstvo jedného statku pri danom množstve iného statku. | feasible frontier: The curve made of points that defines the maximum feasible quantity of one good for a given quantity of the other. |
| hraničná miera substitúcie (MRS): Voľba medzi dvoma statkami, ktorú je človek ochotný podstúpiť. Hraničná miera substitúcie sa v ktoromkoľvek bode rovná sklonu indiferenčnej krivky. | marginal rate of substitution (MRS): The trade-off that a person is willing to make between two goods. At any point, this is the slope of the indifference curve. |
| hraničná miera transformácie (MRT): Ukazovateľ volieb, ktorým človek čelí vo vzťahu k uskutočniteľným možnostiam. Vzhľadom k obmedzeniam (hranici dostupných možností), ktorým človek čelí, predstavuje MRT množstvo statku, ktorého sa musí vzdať, aby mohol získať jednu dodatočnú jednotku iného statku. MRT sa v ktoromkoľvek bode rovná sklonu hranice dostupných možností. | marginal rate of transformation (MRT): A measure of the trade-offs a person faces in what is feasible. Given the constraints (feasible frontier) a person faces, the MRT is the quantity of some good that must be sacrificed to acquire one additional unit of another good. At any point, it is the slope of the feasible frontier. |
| hraničná negatívna externalita (MEC): Náklady na výrobu dodatočnej jednotky tovaru, ktoré vzniknú komukoľvek inému ako výrobcovi tovaru. | marginal external cost (MEC): The cost of producing an additional unit of a good that is incurred by anyone other than the producer of the good. |
| hraničná užitočnosť: Dodatočná užitočnosť vyplývajúca z nárastu danej premennej o jednu jednotku. | marginal utility: The additional utility resulting from a one-unit increase of a given variable. |
| hraničné náklady: Prírastok celkových nákladov spojených s výrobou jednej dodatočnej jednotky produkcie. | marginal cost: The addition to total costs associated with producing one additional unit of output. |
| hraničný produkt: Dodatočné množstvo produkcie, ktoré sa vyprodukuje, ak sa určitý vstup zvýši o jednu jednotku, pričom všetky ostatné vstupy zostanú konštantné. | marginal product: The additional amount of output that is produced if a particular input was increased by one unit, while holding all other inputs constant. |
| hraničný sklon k importu: | marginal propensity to import: The change in total imports when aggregate income changes by one unit. The change in total imports associated with a change in total income. |
| hraničný sklon k spotrebe: | marginal propensity to consume (MPC): The change in consumption when disposable income changes by one unit. |
| hraničný výnos: | marginal revenue: The change in revenue obtained by increasing the quantity sold by one unit. The change in revenue obtained by increasing the quantity from Q to Q + 1. The increase in revenue obtained by increasing the quantity from Q to Q + 1. |
| hrubý domáci produkt (HDP): Miera trhovej hodnoty produkcie ekonomiky v danom období. | gross domestic product (GDP): A measure of the market value of the output of final goods and services in the economy in a given period. Output of intermediate goods that are inputs to final production is excluded to prevent double counting. |
| hrubý domáci produkt (HDP) na obyvateľa: Ukazovateľ trhovej hodnoty produkcie ekonomiky za určité obdobie (HDP) vydelenej počtom obyvateľov. | gross domestic product (GDP) per capita: A measure of the market value of the output of the economy in a given period (GDP) divided by the population. |
| hrubý príjem: Príjem očistený o zaplatenú daň. Zahŕňa opotrebenie. | gross income: Income net of taxes paid. Includes depreciation. |
| hyperglobalizácia: | hyperglobalization: An extreme (and so far hypothetical) type of globalization in which there is virtually no barrier to the free flows of goods, services, and capital. |
| hypotéka (alebo hypotekárny úver): Úver, ktorý si domácnosti a podniky berú na kúpu nehnuteľnosti bez zaplatenia jej celkovej hodnoty naraz. V priebehu mnohých rokov dlžník spláca úver spolu s úrokmi. Dlh je zabezpečený samotnou nehnuteľnosťou, ktorá sa označuje ako zábezpeka. | mortgage (or mortgage loan): A loan contracted by households and businesses to purchase a property without paying the total value at one time. Over a period of many years, the borrower repays the loan, plus interest. The debt is secured by the property itself, referred to as collateral. |
| index spotrebiteľských cien (CPI): Miera všeobecnej úrovne cien, ktoré musia spotrebitelia platiť za tovary a služby, vrátane spotrebných daní. | consumer price index (CPI): A measure of the general level of prices that consumers have to pay for goods and services, including consumption taxes. |
| indiferenčná krivka: Krivka spájajúca body označujúce kombinácie statkov, ktoré človeku prinášajú rovnakú úroveň užitočnosti. | indifference curve: A curve of the points which indicate the combinations of goods that provide a given level of utility to the individual. |
| indiferenčná krivka životné prostredie – spotreba: | environment-consumption indifference curve: A curve on which all points are combinations of environmental quality and consumption that are equally valued by an individual or policymaker. The slope of the indifference curve is the ratio of the marginal disutility of lost consumption due to the cost of abating and of the marginal utility of environmental quality (a public good shared by all). |
| inferiórny statok: Statok, ktorého spotreba klesá pri zvyšovaní príjmu (pri konštantných cenách). | inferior good: A good whose consumption decreases when income increases (holding prices constant). |
| inflácia: Zvýšenie všeobecnej cenovej hladiny v ekonomike. Zvyčajne sa meria za obdobie jedného roka. | inflation: An increase in the general price level in the economy. Usually measured over a year. |
| investície (I): Výdavky na novovyrobený kapitál (stroje a zariadenia) a budovy vrátane nového bývania. | investment (I): Expenditure on newly produced capital goods (machinery and equipment) and buildings, including new housing. |
| inštitúcia: Zákony a spoločenské zvyklosti, ktorými sa riadi vzájomné pôsobenie ľudí v spoločnosti. | institution: The laws and informal rules that regulate social interactions among people and between people and the biosphere, sometimes also termed the rules of the game. |
| iracionálna bujarosť: Proces, pri ktorom sa aktíva nadhodnocujú. Tento výraz prvýkrát použil v roku 1996 Alan Greenspan, vtedajší predseda Rady federálnych rezerv USA. Ako ekonomický pojem ho spopularizoval ekonóm Robert Shiller. | irrational exuberance: A process by which assets become overvalued. The expression was first used by Alan Greenspan, then chairman of the US Federal Reserve Board, in 1996. It was popularized as an economic concept by the economist Robert Shiller. |
| izokosta: Priamka predstavujúca všetky kombinácie, ktoré stoja určitú sumu. | isocost line: A line that represents all combinations that cost a given total amount. |
| jednorazová hra: Hra, ktorá sa hrá jedenkrát a neopakuje sa. | one-shot game: A game that is played once and not repeated. |
| jednotkové náklady: Celkové náklady delené počtom vyrobených jednotiek. | unit cost: Total cost divided by number of units produced. |
| Joule: | Joule: A unit of energy or work, originally defined as the amount of energy necessary to lift a small apple vertically 1 metre. |
| kapitalistická revolúcia: Rýchle zlepšenia v technológiách v kombinácii so vznikom nového ekonomického systému. | capitalist revolution: Rapid improvements in technology combined with the emergence of a new economic system. |
| kapitalistický podnik: | capitalist firm: A business organization which pays wages and salaries to employ people, and purchases inputs to produce and market goods and services with the intention of making a profit. |
| kapitalizmus: Ekonomický systém, v ktorom sa spôsob výroby tovarov a služieb sústredí vo firmách, ktoré vlastnia a ovládajú investičný majetok používaný pri výrobe. V kapitalizme zohrávajú dôležitú úlohu súkromný majetok, trhy a firmy. | capitalism: An economic system in which the main form of economic organization is the firm, in which the private owners of capital goods hire labour to produce goods and services for sale on markets with the intent of making a profit. The main economic institutions in a capitalist economic system, then, are private property, markets, and firms. |
| kapitálovo náročný: | capital-intensive: Making greater use of capital goods (for example machinery and equipment) as compared with labour and other inputs. |
| kapitálová náročnosť: | capital intensity: The capital intensity of a production process is the amount of capital used for each unit of labour employed. So if output is produced using \(K\) units of capital and \(N\) workers, the capital intensity is measured by \(K/N\). |
| kapitálová náročnosť výroby: | capital intensity (of production): The amount of capital goods per worker. |
| kapitálové statky: Vybavenie, budovy a iné trvalé vstupy, ktoré sa používajú pri výrobe tovarov a služieb vrátane prípadných patentov alebo iného používaného duševného vlastníctva. Suroviny, ktoré sa pri výrobe používajú, sa označujú ako výrobné vstupy. | capital goods: The durable and costly non-labour inputs used in production (machinery, buildings) not including some essential inputs, e.g. air, water, knowledge that are used in production at zero cost to the user. |
| kartel: Skupina firiem, ktoré vstupujú do tajnej dohody s cieľom zvýšiť svoje spoločné zisky. | cartel: A group of firms that collude in order to increase their joint profits. |
| kategorická nerovnosť: | categorical inequality: Inequality between particular social groups (identified, for instance, by a category such as race, nation, caste, gender or religion). Also known as: group inequality. |
| kauzalita: Smer od príčiny k dôsledku, ktorý určuje, že zmena v jednej premennej spôsobuje zmenu v inej. Kým korelácia je jednoducho tvrdenie, že dve veci sa vyvíjali súčasne, kauzalita naznačuje aj mechanizmus tohto prepojenia, a teda ide o užší pojem. | causality: A direction from cause to effect, establishing that a change in one variable produces a change in another. While a correlation is simply an assessment that two things have moved together, causation implies a mechanism accounting for the association, and is therefore a more restrictive concept. |
| kauzálny: | causal: We can say that a relationship between two variables is causal if we can establish that a change in one variable produces a change in the other. While a correlation is simply an assessment that two things have moved together, causation implies a mechanism accounting for the association, and is therefore a more restrictive concept. |
| klam zloženia: | fallacy of composition: Mistaken assumption that what is true of the parts (such as households) must be true of the whole (such as the economy as a whole). For an example see: paradox of thrift. Mistaken inference that what is true of the parts (for example a household) must be true of the whole (in this case the economy as a whole). |
| klesajúca hraničná užitočnosť: Vlastnosť niektorých funkcií užitočnosti, podľa ktorej každá dodatočná jednotka danej premennej vedie k menšiemu prírastku celkovej užitočnosti ako predchádzajúca dodatočná jednotka. | diminishing marginal utility: A property of some utility functions according to which each additional unit of a given variable results in a smaller increment to total utility than did the previous additional unit. |
| klesajúce hraničné výnosy zo spotreby: Čím vyššiu spotrebu jednotlivec má, tým viac pre neho klesá hodnota dodatočnej jednotky spotreby. | diminishing marginal returns to consumption: The value to the individual of an additional unit of consumption declines, the more consumption the individual has. |
| klesajúce výnosy z rozsahu: Dochádza k nim vtedy, keď zdvojnásobenie všetkých vstupov do výroby spôsobí zvýšenie produkcie o menej ako dvojnásobok. | decreasing returns to scale: These occur when doubling all of the inputs to a production process less than doubles the output. |
| klesajúci hraničný produkt: Vlastnosť niektorých produkčných funkcií, podľa ktorej každá dodatočná jednotka vstupu vedie k menšiemu prírastku celkového výstupu ako predchádzajúca jednotka. | diminishing marginal product: A property of some production functions according to which each additional unit of input results in a smaller increment in total output than did the previous unit. |
| klesajúci priemerný produkt práce: | diminishing average product of labour: A property of a production process in which, as the input of labour is increased, the amount of output per unit of labour (the average product) falls. A situation in which, as more labour is used in a given production process, the average product of labour typically falls. |
| klubový statok: | club good: |
| kodifikované znalosti: | codified knowledge: Knowledge that can be written down in a form that would allow it to be understood by others and reproduced, such as the chemical formula for a drug. |
| kolateralizovaná dlhová obligácia (CDO): | collateralized debt obligation (CDO): A structured financial instrument (a derivative) consisting of a bond or note backed by a pool of fixed-income assets. The collapse in the value of the instruments of this type that were backed by subprime mortgage loans was a major factor in the financial crisis of 27–28. |
| komodity: Fyzický tovar, s ktorým sa obchoduje podobne ako s akciami. Patria sem kovy ako zlato a striebro, poľnohospodárske produkty ako káva a cukor a aj ropa a plyn. Niekedy sa používa všeobecnejšie na označenie všetkého, čo sa vyrába na účel predaja. | commodities: Physical goods traded in a manner similar to shares. They include metals such as gold and silver, and agricultural products such as coffee and sugar, oil and gas. Sometimes more generally used to mean anything produced for sale. |
| komparatívna výhoda: | comparative advantage: A person or a country has a comparative advantage in the production of a particular good if the cost to them of producing it, relative to the cost of another good, is lower than for another person or a country. A person or country has comparative advantage in the production of a particular good, if the cost of producing an additional unit of that good relative to the cost of producing another good is lower than another person or country’s cost to produce the same two goods. |
| komplementy: Dva tovary, pri ktorých zvýšenie ceny jedného vedie k zníženiu dopytovaného množstva druhého. | complements: Two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded of the other. |
| konečný dôchodok: | final income: A measure of the value of goods and services a household can consume from its disposable income. This is equal to disposable income minus VAT paid, plus the value of public services received. |
| konflikt záujmov: Situácia, ktorá nastane, ak na to, aby jedna strana získala z interakcie viac, sa musí druhej strane dariť menej dobre. | conflict of interest: The situation which arises if in order for one party to gain more from the interaction, another party must do less well. |
| konkurenčná rovnováha: Trhový výsledok, na ktorom sú všetci kupujúci a predávajúci príjemcami cien a pri prevládajúcej trhovej cene sa ponúkané množstvo rovná dopytovanému množstvu. | competitive equilibrium: A market outcome in which all buyers and sellers are price-takers, and at the prevailing market price, the quantity supplied is equal to the quantity demanded. |
| konkávna funkcia: | concave function: A function of two variables for which the line segment between any two points on the function lies entirely below the curve representing the function (the function is convex when the line segment lies above the function). |
| konkávny: | concave: A function, \(f(x)\), is said to be concave if its second derivative is negative for all values of x. |
| kontingenčné oceňovanie: | contingent valuation: A survey-based technique used to assess the value of non-market resources. Also known as: stated-preference model. |
| konvexné preferencie: | convex preferences: A person whose indifference curves have a convex shape—they get flatter as you move along the curve to the right of the diagram—is said to have convex preferences. This typical shape arises because when someone has more of one good (relative to another) they are willing to give up more of it in exchange for a unit of the other good: their marginal rate of substitution falls along the curve. |
| konvexný: | convex: A function, \(f(x)\), is said to be convex if its second derivative is positive for all values of x. |
| konštantné výnosy z rozsahu: Dochádza k nim vtedy, keď sa zdvojnásobením všetkých vstupov do výrobného procesu zdvojnásobí aj výstup. Tvar krivky dlhodobých priemerných nákladov firmy závisí od výnosov z rozsahu výroby a od vplyvu rozsahu na ceny, ktoré platí za svoje vstupy. | constant returns to scale: These occur when doubling all of the inputs to a production process doubles the output. The shape of a firm's long-run average cost curve depends both on returns to scale in production and the effect of scale on the prices it pays for its inputs. |
| koordinačná hra: | coordination game: A game in which there are two Nash equilibria, one of which may be Pareto superior to the other. Also known as: assurance game. A game in which there are two Nash equilibria, of which one may be Pareto superior to the other. Also known as: assurance game. |
| korelačný koeficient: Koeficient, ktorý vyjadruje, ako úzko sú dve premenné spojené a či majú tendenciu nadobúdať podobné alebo rozdielne hodnoty, od hodnoty 1, ktorá znamená, že premenné nadobúdajú podobné hodnoty (sú pozitívne korelované), po hodnotu -1, ktorá znamená, že premenné nadobúdajú rozdielne hodnoty (negatívna alebo záporná korelácia). Hodnota 1 alebo -1 znamená, že ak poznáme hodnotu jednej premennej, dokážeme dokonale predpovedať hodnotu druhej premennej. Hodnota 0 znamená, že jedna premenná nám o hodnote tej druhej neposkytuje žiadne informácie. | correlation coefficient: A measure of how closely associated two variables are and whether they tend to take similar or dissimilar values, ranging from a value of 1 indicating that the variables take similar values ('are positively correlated') to –1 indicating that the variables take dissimilar variables ('negative' or 'inverse' correlation). A value of 1 or –1 indicates that knowing the value of one of the variables would allow you to perfectly predict the value of the other. A value of 0 indicates that knowing one of the variables provides no information about the value of the other. |
| korelácia: Štatistický vzťah, pri ktorom znalosť hodnoty jednej premennej poskytuje informácie o pravdepodobnej hodnote druhej premennej, napríklad vysoké hodnoty jednej premennej sa bežne pozorujú spolu s vysokými hodnotami druhej premennej. Môže byť kladná alebo záporná (záporná je vtedy, keď sú vysoké hodnoty jednej premennej pozorované pri nízkych hodnotách druhej). Neznamená však, že medzi premennými existuje kauzálny vzťah. | correlation: A statistical association in which knowing the value of one variable provides information on the likely value of the other, for example high values of one variable being commonly observed along with high values of the other variable. It can be positive or negative (it is negative when high values of one variable are observed with low values of the other). It does not mean that there is a causal relationship between the variables. |
| krivka dopytu: Krivka zobrazujúca množstvo, ktoré si spotrebitelia kúpia pri každej možnej výške ceny. | demand curve: The curve that gives the quantity consumers will buy at each possible price. |
| krivka Paretovej efektívnosti: Množina všetkých alokácií, ktoré sú Pareto efektívne. Často sa označuje ako kontraktačná krivka, a to aj v spoločenských interakciách, v ktorých sa nevstupuje do žiadneho kontraktu, preto sa tomuto termínu vyhýbame. | Pareto efficiency curve: The set of all allocations that are Pareto efficient. Often referred to as the contract curve, even in social interactions in which there is no contract, which is why we avoid the term. |
| krivka ponuky: Krivka predstavujúca počet vyrobených jednotiek produkcie pri konkrétnej cene. Ak sa krivka týka trhu, predstavuje celkové množstvo produkcie všetkých firiem pri danej cene. | supply curve: The curve that shows the number of units of output that would be produced at any given price. For a market, it shows the total quantity that all firms together would produce at any given price. |
| krivka rovnakého zisku: Krivka, na ktorej sa vo všetkých bodoch dosiahne rovnaký zisk. | isoprofit curve: A curve on which all points yield the same profit. |
| krátkodobá rovnováha: | short-run equilibrium: An equilibrium that will prevail while certain variables (for example, the number of firms in a market) remain constant, but where we expect these variables to change when people have time to respond to the situation. |
| kvantitatívne uvoľňovanie: | quantitative easing (QE): Central bank purchases of financial assets aimed at reducing interest rates on those assets when conventional monetary policy is ineffective because the policy interest rate is at the zero lower bound. |
| kvóta: | quota: A limit imposed by the government on the volume of imports allowed to enter the economy during a specific period of time. |
| legislatíva ochrany zamestnanosti: | employment protection legislation: Laws making job dismissal more costly (or impossible) for employers. |
| Leontiefov paradox: | Leontief paradox: The unexpected finding by Wassily Leontief that exports from the US were labour-intensive and its imports capital-intensive, a result that contradicts what the economic theories predicted: namely that a country abundant in capital (like the US) would export goods that used a large quantity of capital in their production. |
| likvidita: Jednoduchosť nákupu alebo predaja finančného aktíva za predvídateľnú cenu. | liquidity: Ease of buying or selling a financial asset at a predictable price. |
| logaritmická mierka: Mierka, v ktorej dieliky na grafe predstavujú pomery. Napríklad pomer medzi 3 a 6 a medzi 6 a 12 je rovnaký (väčšie číslo je dvojnásobkom menšieho čísla). V grafe s logaritmickou mierkou všetky zmeny v určitom pomere predstavuje rovnaká zvislá vzdialenosť. Uvedené je v kontraste k lineárnej mierke, v ktorej je vzdialenosť rovnaká medzi hodnotami 3 a 6 a medzi hodnotami 6 a 9 (v tomto prípade je vzdialenosť 3). | ratio scale: A scale that uses distances on a graph to represent ratios. For example, the ratio between 3 and 6, and between 6 and 12, is the same (the larger number is twice the smaller number). In a ratio scale chart, all changes by the same ratio are represented by the same vertical distance. This contrasts with a linear scale, where the distance between 3 and 6, and between 6 and 9, is the same (in this case, 3). |
| logaritmická škála: | logarithmic scale: A way of measuring a quantity based on the logarithm function, f(x) = log(x). The logarithm function converts a ratio to a difference: log (a/b) = log a – log b. This is very useful for working with growth rates. For instance, if national income doubles from 5 to 1 in a poor country and from 1, to 2, in a rich country, the absolute difference in the first case is 5 and in the second 1,, but log(1) – log(5) = .693, and log(2,) – log(1,) = .693. The ratio in each case is 2 and log(2) = .693. |
| Lorenzova krivka: Grafické zobrazenie nerovnosti v určitom ukazovateli, ako napr. v bohatstve či príjme. Jednotlivci sa zoradia vo vzostupnom poradí podľa toho, aké množstvo danej veličiny vlastnia, a kumulatívny podiel celku sa zakreslí vzhľadom ku kumulatívnemu podielu populácie. Pri absolútnej rovnosti príjmov by krivka mala napríklad podobu rovnej čiary so sklonom jeden. Nerovnosť vyjadruje skutočnosť, do akej miery sa krivka odchyľuje od čiary absolútnej rovnosti. | Lorenz curve: A graphical representation of inequality of some quantity such as wealth or income. Individuals are arranged in ascending order by how much of this quantity they have, and the cumulative share of the total is then plotted against the cumulative share of the population. For complete equality of income, for example, it would be a straight line with a slope of one. The extent to which the curve falls below this perfect equality line is a measure of inequality. |
| matica odmien: Tabuľka odmien na základe všetkých možných kombinácií stratégií, ktoré si vyberú obaja, resp. všetci hráči v hre. | payoff matrix: A table of the payoffs associated with every possible combination of strategies chosen by two or more players in a game. |
| medián: Stredná hodnota v súbore, takže polovica hodnôt je vyššia ako medián a polovica je nižšia. Označuje sa aj ako: 50. percentil. | median: The middle number in a set of values, such that half of the numbers are larger than the median and half are smaller. Also known as: 50th percentile. |
| mediánový volič: | median voter: If voters can be lined up along a single more-versus-less dimension (such as preferring higher or lower taxes, more or less environmental protection), the median voter is the one ‘in the middle’—that is (if there is an odd number of voters in total), with an equal number preferring more and preferring less than what he or she does. |
| medzera prispôsobenia: | adjustment gap: The lag between some outside change in labour market conditions and the movement of the economy to the neighbourhood of the new equilibrium. |
| medzigeneračná elasticita: | intergenerational elasticity: When comparing parents and grown offspring, the percentage difference in the second generation’s status that is associated with a 1% difference in the adult generation’s status. |
| medzigeneračná mobilita: | intergenerational mobility: Changes in the relative economic or social status between parents and children. Upward mobility occurs when the status of a child surpasses that of the parents. Downward mobility is the converse. A widely used measure of intergenerational mobility is the correlation between the positions of parents and children (for example, in their years of schooling or income). Another is the intergenerational elasticity. |
| medzigeneračná nerovnosť: | intergenerational inequality: The extent to which differences in parental generations are passed on to the next generation, as measured by the intergenerational elasticity or the intergenerational correlation. |
| menová báza: Hotovosť domácností, firiem a bánk a zostatky komerčných bánk na ich účtoch v centrálnej banke, známe ako rezervy. | base money: Cash held by households, firms, and banks, and the balances held by commercial banks in their accounts at the central bank, known as reserves. |
| menová politika: | monetary policy: Central bank or government actions aimed at influencing economic activity through changes in interest rates or the prices of financial assets. Central bank (or government) actions aimed at influencing economic activity through changing interest rates or the prices of financial assets. |
| menová únia: | common currency area: A common currency area (sometimes called a currency union or monetary union) is group of countries that use the same currency. This means there is just one monetary policy for the group. |
| miera nezamestnanosti: Pomer počtu nezamestnaných k celkovej pracovnej sile. (Všimnite si, že miera zamestnanosti a miera nezamestnanosti sa spolu nerovnajú 100 %, pretože majú rôzne menovatele.) | unemployment rate: The ratio of the number of the unemployed to the total labour force. (Note that the employment rate and unemployment rate do not sum to 100%, as they have different denominators.) |
| miera nezamestnanosti stabilizujúca infláciu: Miera nezamestnanosti (v rovnovážnom stave na trhu práce), pri ktorej je inflácia konštantná. Pôvodne sa označovala ako prirodzená miera nezamestnanosti. | inflation-stabilizing rate of unemployment: The unemployment rate (at labour market equilibrium) at which inflation is constant. Originally known as the 'natural rate' of unemployment. |
| miera participácie: Pomer počtu ľudí v pracovnej sile k počtu obyvateľov v produktívnom veku. | participation rate: The ratio of the number of people in the labour force to the population of working age. |
| miera straty biodiverzity: | biodiversity loss (rate of): Proportion of species that become extinct every year. |
| miera využitia výrobných kapacít: | capacity utilization rate: A measure of the extent to which a firm, industry, or entire economy is producing as much as the stock of its capital goods and current knowledge would allow. |
| miera zamestnanosti: Podiel počtu zamestnaných a populácie v produktívnom veku. | employment rate: The ratio of the number of employed to the population of working age. |
| minimálna mzda: | minimum wage: A minimum level of pay laid down by law or regulation, for workers in general or of some specified type. The intention of a minimum wage is to guarantee living standards for the low-paid. Many countries, including the UK and the US, enforce this with legislation. |
| množina dostupných kombinácií: Všetky kombinácie zvažovaných vecí, ktoré by si rozhodujúci sa človek mohol vybrať vzhľadom na ekonomické, fyzické alebo iné obmedzenia, ktorým čelí. | feasible set: All of the combinations of the things under consideration that a decision-maker could choose given the economic, physical or other constraints that he faces. |
| moc: Schopnosť robiť (a dostať) veci, ktoré človek chce, v protiklade k zámerom ostatných, často zavádzaním sankcií alebo pohrozením nimi. | power: The ability to do (and get) the things one wants in opposition to the intentions of others, ordinarily by imposing or threatening sanctions. |
| model mediánového voliča: | median voter model: An economic model of the location of businesses applied to the positions taken in electoral platforms when two parties compete that provides conditions under which, in order to maximize the number of votes they will receive, the parties will adopt positions that appeal to the median voter. |
| model pracovnej disciplíny: Model, ktorý vysvetľuje, ako zamestnávatelia stanovujú mzdy tak, aby zamestnanci dostávali ekonomickú rentu (tzv. zamestnaneckú rentu), ktorá motivuje pracovníkov tvrdo pracovať, aby sa vyhli prepusteniu zo zamestnania. | labour discipline model: A model that explains how employers set wages so that employees receive an economic rent (called employment rent), which provides workers an incentive to work hard in order to avoid job termination. |
| model WS/PS: Model agregátnej ekonomiky, ktorý spája rozhodnutia o stanovovaní miezd (WS) a cien (PS). Priesečník mzdovej a cenovej krivky predstavuje Nashovu rovnováhu a určuje štruktúrnu nezamestnanosť a reálnu mzdu. | WS/PS model: Model of the aggregate economy that combines wage-setting (WS) and price-setting (PS) decisions. Where the WS and PS curves intersect is the Nash equilibrium and determines structural unemployment and the real wage. |
| monopol: Firma, ktorá je jediným predávajúcim výrobku bez blízkeho substitútu. Označuje aj trh s jediným predávajúcim. | monopoly: A firm that is the only seller of a product without close substitutes. Also refers to a market with only one seller. |
| monopolistická konkurencia: Trh, na ktorom má každý predajca jedinečný výrobok, ale medzi firmami existuje konkurencia, pretože firmy predávajú výrobky, ktoré sú navzájom blízkymi substitútmi. | monopolistic competition: A market in which each seller has a unique product but there is competition among firms because firms sell products that are close substitutes for one another. |
| monopolná sila: Moc firmy kontrolovať vlastnú cenu. Čím menej je k dispozícii blízkych substitútov výrobku, tým väčšiu silu má firma pri určovaní cien. | monopoly power: The power that a firm has to control its own price. The fewer close substitutes for the product are available, the greater the firm's price-setting power. |
| monopolné renty: Forma zisku, ktorá vzniká v dôsledku obmedzenej konkurencie pri predaji výrobku firmy. | monopoly rents: A form of profits, which arise due to restricted competition in selling a firm's product. |
| morálny hazard: Tento termín vznikol v poisťovníctve na vyjadrenie problému, ktorému čelia poisťovatelia, a to, že osoba s poistením domácnosti môže menej dbať na to, aby sa vyhla požiarom alebo iným škodám na svojej domácnosti, čím zvyšuje riziko nad úroveň, aká by bola v prípade neexistencie poistenia. Tento termín sa v súčasnosti vzťahuje na akúkoľvek situáciu, v ktorej jedna strana interakcie rozhoduje o činnosti, ktorá ovplyvňuje zisky alebo blahobyt druhej strany, ale ktorú dotknutá strana nemôže ovplyvniť prostredníctvom zmluvy, často preto, že dotknutá strana nemá dostatočné informácie o tejto činnosti. Označuje sa aj ako problém skrytej činnosti. | moral hazard: This term originated in the insurance industry to express the problem that insurers face, namely, the person with home insurance may take less care to avoid fires or other damages to his home, thereby increasing the risk above what it would be in absence of insurance. This term now refers to any situation in which one party to an interaction is deciding on an action that affects the profits or wellbeing of the other but which the affected party cannot control by means of a contract, often because the affected party does not have adequate information on the action. It is also referred to as the 'hidden actions' problem. |
| mzdová krivka: Krivka, ktorá vzniká z rozhodnutí firiem o výške mzdy na trhu práce a predstavuje reálnu mzdu potrebnú pri každej úrovni zamestnanosti v ekonomike na to, aby mali pracovníci motiváciu pracovať usilovne a kvalitne. | wage-setting (WS) curve: The curve—arising from the wage-setting decisions of firms in the labour market—that gives the real wage necessary at each level of economy-wide employment to provide workers with incentives to work hard and well. |
| nadmerná ponuka: Situácia, v ktorej pri aktuálnej cene ponuka výrobku prevyšuje dopyt po ňom. | excess supply: A situation in which the quantity of a good supplied is greater than the quantity demanded at the current price. |
| nadmerný dopyt: Situácia, v ktorej pri aktuálnej cene dopyt po výrobku prevyšuje ponuku daného výrobku. | excess demand: A situation in which the quantity of a good demanded is greater than the quantity supplied at the current price. |
| najlepšia reakcia: V teórii hier ide o stratégiu, ktorá hráčovi pri určitých stratégiách ostatných hráčov poskytne najvyššiu odmenu. | best response: In game theory, the strategy that will give a player the highest payoff, given the strategies that the other players select. |
| najnižšia akceptovateľná ponuka: V hre ultimátum je to najmenšia ponuka navrhovateľa, ktorú prijímateľ neodmietne. Všeobecne sa používa v situáciách vyjednávania na označenie najmenej výhodnej ponuky, ktorá by bola prijatá. | minimum acceptable offer: In the ultimatum game, the smallest offer by the Proposer that will not be rejected by the Responder. Generally applied in bargaining situations to mean the least favourable offer that would be accepted. |
| Nashova rovnováha: Súbor stratégií (jednej za každého hráča v hre), pri ktorom jednotliví hráči používajú voči stratégiám ostatných svoju optimálnu stratégiu. | Nash equilibrium: A set of strategies, one for each player in the game, such that each player's strategy is a best response to the strategies chosen by everyone else. |
| neaktívna populácia: Ľudia v produktívnom veku, ktorí nie sú zamestnaní ani si aktívne nehľadajú platenú prácu. Napríklad osoby pracujúce v domácnosti, ktoré vychovávajú deti, sa nepovažujú za pracovnú silu, preto sú klasifikované v tejto skupine. | inactive population: People in the population of working age who are neither employed nor actively looking for paid work. Those working in the home raising children, for example, are not considered as being in the labour force and therefore are classified this way. |
| nedobrovoľná nezamestnanosť: Človek, ktorý si hľadá prácu a je ochotný prijať prácu za mzdu, ktorá je bežná pre ľudí s jeho úrovňou zručností a skúseností, ale zamestnanie si nájsť nedokáže, je nedobrovoľne nezamestnaný. | involuntary unemployment: A person who is seeking work, and willing to accept a job at the going wage for people of their level of skill and experience, but unable to secure employment is involuntarily unemployed. |
| negatívna externalita: Negatívny externý efekt, teda negatívny vplyv výrobného, spotrebného alebo iného ekonomického rozhodnutia na inú osobu či ľudí, ktorý nie je stanovený v zmluve ako záväzok. | external cost: A negative external effect: that is, the negative effect of production, consumption, or other economic decisions on another person or party, which is not specified as a liability in a contract. |
| negatívna spätná väzba (proces): Proces, pri ktorom určitá počiatočná zmena uvedie do pohybu proces, ktorý pôvodnú zmenu tlmí. | negative feedback (process): A process whereby some initial change sets in motion a process that dampens the initial change. |
| nepriaznivý výber: Problém, ktorému čelia strany výmeny, pričom podmienky ponúknuté jednou stranou spôsobia, že niektorí partneri výmeny sa stiahnu. | adverse selection: The problem faced by parties to an exchange in which the terms offered by one party will cause some exchange partners to drop out. |
| nerivalitný statok: Statok, ktorý je v prípade dostupnosti pre kohokoľvek dostupný pre všetkých bez ďalších nákladov. | non-rival good: A good that, if available to anyone, is available to everyone at no additional cost. |
| nerovnováha: Situácia, v ktorej aspoň jeden z aktérov môže mať prospech z toho, že zmení svoje konanie, a tým zmení situáciu vzhľadom na to, čo robia všetci ostatní. | disequilibrium: A situation in which at least one of the actors can benefit by altering his or her actions and therefore changing the situation, given what everybody else is doing. |
| nesolventný: Subjekt je nesolventný, ak je hodnota jeho aktív nižšia ako hodnota jeho pasív. | insolvent: An entity is this if the value of its assets is less than the value of its liabilities. |
| nestabilná rovnováha: | unstable equilibrium: An equilibrium is unstable if, when a shock disturbs the equilibrium, there is a subsequent tendency to move even further away from the equilibrium. An equilibrium such that, if a shock disturbs the equilibrium, there is a subsequent tendency to move even further away from the equilibrium. An equilibrium such that, if a shock disturbs the equilibrium, there is a subsequent tendency to move even further away from the equilibrium. |
| netrpezlivosť: Akékoľvek uprednostňovanie presunu spotreby z budúcnosti do súčasnosti. Táto preferencia môže byť odvodená buď z čistej netrpezlivosti, alebo z klesajúcich hraničných výnosov zo spotreby. | impatience: Any preference to move consumption from the future to the present. This preference may be derived either from pure impatience or diminishing marginal returns to consumption. |
| nevylučiteľný: | non-excludable: A good is non-excludable if it is impossible to prevent anyone from having access to it. |
| nevylúčiteľný verejný statok: Verejný statok, z ktorého používania nie je možné nikoho vylúčiť. | non-excludable public good: A public good for which it is impossible to exclude anyone from having access. |
| nezamestnanosť: Situácia, keď osoba, ktorá je schopná a ochotná pracovať, nie je zamestnaná. | unemployment: A situation in which a person who is able and willing to work is not employed. |
| neúplná zmluva: Zmluva, v ktorej nie sú vynútiteľným spôsobom špecifikované všetky aspekty výmeny, ktoré ovplyvňujú záujmy strán výmeny (alebo iných osôb, ktorých sa výmena týka). | incomplete contract: A contract that does not specify, in an enforceable way, every aspect of the exchange that affects the interests of parties to the exchange (or of any others affected by the exchange). |
| nominálna mzda: Skutočná suma prijatá ako platba za prácu v určitej mene. | nominal wage: The actual amount received in payment for work, in a particular currency. |
| nominálna úroková miera: Cena za presunutie určitej kúpnej sily (v dolároch alebo v inom nominálnom vyjadrení) na skorší čas. Základná úroková miera a úverová sadzba, ktorú uvádzajú komerčné banky, sú príkladmi nominálnych úrokových sadzieb. | nominal interest rate: The price of bringing some spending power (in dollars or other nominal terms) forward in time. The policy rate and the lending rate quoted by commercial banks are examples of nominal interest rates. |
| normálny statok: Statok, po ktorom sa zvyšuje dopyt, keď sa zvyšuje príjem človeka, pričom ceny sa nemenia. | normal good: A good for which demand increases when a person's income rises, holding prices unchanged. |
| nákladová funkcia: | cost function: The relationship between a firm’s total costs and its quantity of output. The cost function C(Q) tells you the total cost of producing Q units of output (including the opportunity cost of capital). |
| náklady obetovanej príležitosti: Náklady obetovanej príležitosti činnosti A predstavujú ušlý úžitok, ktorý by sme dosiahli, keby sme namiesto toho vykonali inú činnosť B. Hovoríme o nákladoch obetovanej *príležitosti*, pretože voľbou A sa vzdávate možnosti zvoliť si B. O *nákladoch* hovoríme preto, že voľba A vás stojí úžitok, ktorý by ste mali, keby ste si vybrali B. | opportunity cost: The opportunity cost of some action A is the foregone benefit that you would have enjoyed if instead you had taken some other action B. This is called an *opportunity* cost because by choosing A you give up the opportunity of choosing B. It is called a *cost* because the choice of A costs you the benefit you would have experienced had you chosen B. |
| náklady obetovanej príležitosti kapitálu: | opportunity cost of capital: The opportunity cost of capital is the amount of income an investor could have received, per unit of investment spending, by investing elsewhere. The amount of income an investor could have received by investing the unit of capital elsewhere. |
| náklady vstupu na trh: | costs of entry: Startup costs that are incurred when a seller enters a market or an industry. These would usually include the cost of acquiring and equipping new premises, research and development, the necessary patents, and initial costs of finding staff. Startup costs that would be incurred when a seller enters a market or an industry. These would usually include the cost of acquiring and equipping new premises, research and development, the necessary patents, and the cost of finding and hiring staff. |
| náklady z rozsahu: Dochádza k nim vtedy, keď zdvojnásobenie všetkých vstupov do výroby spôsobí zvýšenie produkcie o menej ako dvojnásobok. | diseconomies of scale: These occur when doubling all of the inputs to a production process less than doubles the output. |
| národné účty: | national accounts: The system used for measuring overall output and expenditure in a country. |
| obchodná známka: Logo, názov alebo registrovaný dizajn, ktorý je zvyčajne spojený s právom vylúčiť iné osoby z jeho používania na identifikáciu svojich výrobkov. | trademark: A logo, a name, or a registered design typically associated with the right to exclude others from using it to identify their products. |
| obchodný prebytok: | trade surplus: If a country’s exports exceed its imports, the trade balance (X – M) is positive. We say that it has a trade surplus of X – M. A country’s positive trade balance (it exports more than it imports). |
| obchodný schodok: | trade deficit: If a country’s imports exceed its exports, the trade balance (X – M) is negative, and we say that it has a trade deficit. The size of the deficit is M – X (the negative of the trade balance). A country’s negative trade balance (it imports more than it exports). |
| obmedzenie prideľovania úverov: Proces, pri ktorom si osoby s menším majetkom v porovnaní s osobami s väčším majetkom požičiavajú za nevýhodných podmienok. | credit rationing: The process by which those with less wealth borrow on unfavourable terms, compared to those with more wealth. |
| ochota platiť: Ukazovateľ toho, ako veľmi si osoba cení tovar, vyjadrený ako maximálna suma, ktorú by bola za získanie jednotky tovaru ochotná zaplatiť. | willingness to pay (WTP): An indicator of how much a person values a good, measured by the maximum amount he or she would pay to acquire a unit of the good. |
| ochota prijať: Rezervačná cena potenciálneho predávajúceho, ktorý bude ochotný položku predať len za cenu minimálne v tejto výške. | willingness to accept (WTA): The reservation price of a potential seller, who will be willing to sell a unit only for a price at least this high. |
| odbory: Organizácia pozostávajúca prevažne zo zamestnancov, ktorej hlavnou činnosťou je vyjednávanie mzdových taríf a pracovných podmienok pre jej členov. | trade union: An organization consisting predominantly of employees, the principal activities of which include the negotiation of rates of pay and conditions of employment for its members. |
| oddelenie vlastníctva a riadenia: Vlastnosť niektorých firiem, podľa ktorej sú manažéri oddelenou skupinou od vlastníkov. | separation of ownership and control: The attribute of some firms by which managers are a separate group from the owners. |
| odkryté preferencie: | revealed preference: A way of studying preferences by reverse engineering the motives of an individual (her preferences) from observations about her or his actions. |
| odmena: Výhody konkrétneho hráča spojené so spoločným konaním všetkých hráčov. | pay-off: The benefit to each player associated with the joint actions of all the players. |
| odpisy / amortizácia: | depreciation: The loss in value of a form of wealth that occurs either through use (wear and tear) or the passage of time (obsolescence). |
| okunov koeficient: | Okun's coefficient: The change in the unemployment rate in percentage points predicted to be associated with a 1% change in GDP. For example, an Okun coefficient of -0.4 means that a fall in output of 1% is predicted to be associated with a rise in the unemployment rate of 0.4 percentage points. The change in the unemployment rate in percentage points predicted to be associated with a 1% change in the growth rate of GDP. |
| okunov zákon: | Okun's law: The empirical regularity that growth of GDP is negatively correlated with the rate of unemployment. The empirical regularity that changes in the rate of growth of GDP are negatively correlated with the rate of unemployment. |
| oligopol: Trh s malým počtom predajcov toho istého tovaru, čo dáva každému predajcovi určitú trhovú silu. | oligopoly: A market with a small number of sellers of the same good, giving each seller some market power. |
| opakovaná hra: Hra, v ktorej dochádza k rovnakej interakcii viackrát (rovnaké odmeny, hráči aj dostupné stratégie). | repeated game: A game in which the same interaction (same payoffs, players, feasible actions) may occur more than once. |
| opotrebenie: Strata hodnoty určitej formy majetku, ku ktorej dochádza buď používaním (opotrebovaním), alebo plynutím času (zastaraním). | depreciation: The loss in value of a form of wealth that occurs either through use (wear and tear) or the passage of time (obsolescence). |
| optimalizačný problém s obmedzením: Problémy, v ktorých človek prijímajúci rozhodnutia volí hodnoty jednej alebo viacerých premenných, aby dosiahol cieľ (napríklad maximalizáciu zisku) s ohľadom na obmedzenie, ktoré určuje množinu dostupných kombinácií (napríklad krivku dopytu). | constrained optimization problem: Problems in which a decision-maker chooses the values of one or more variables to achieve an objective (such as maximizing profit) subject to a constraint that determines the feasible set (such as the demand curve). |
| osoba so zostatkovým nárokom: Osoba s príjmom, ktorý zostáva z podniku alebo projektu po zaplatení všetkých zmluvných nákladov (napríklad nákladov na zamestnávanie pracovníkov a platenie daní). | residual claimant: The person who receives the income left over from a firm or project after the payment of all contractual costs (for example the cost of hiring workers and paying taxes). |
| overiteľné informácie: Informácie, ktoré možno použiť na vymáhanie zmluvy. | verifiable information: Information that can be used to enforce a contract. |
| očakávaná inflácia: | expected inflation: The belief formed by wage-setters and price-setters about the level of inflation in the next period. The opinion that wage- and price-setters form about the level of inflation in the next period. |
| paradox sporivosti: | paradox of thrift: If a single individual consumes less, their savings will increase; but if everyone consumes less, the result may be lower rather than higher savings overall. This happens if the increase in the saving rate is unmatched by an increase in investment (or other source of aggregate demand such as government spending on goods and services). Then aggregate demand and income fall, so actual levels of saving do not increase. If a single individual consumes less, her savings will increase; but if everyone consumes less, the result may be lower rather than higher savings overall. The attempt to increase saving is thwarted if an increase in the saving rate is unmatched by an increase in investment (or other source of aggregate demand such as government spending on goods and services). The outcome is a reduction in aggregate demand and lower output so that actual levels of saving do not increase. |
| Pareto dominantný: Alokácia A je Pareto dominantná v porovnaní s alokáciou B, ak by aspoň jedna zo zainteresovaných strán bola na tom lepšie pri A ako pri B a nikto by na tom nebol horšie. | Pareto dominate: Allocation A Pareto dominates allocation B if at least one party would be better off with A than B, and nobody would be worse off. |
| Pareto efektívny: Alokácia, ktorá sa vyznačuje tým, že neexistuje iná technicky uskutočniteľná alokácia, pri ktorej by na tom aspoň jeden človek bol lepšie a nikto by na tom nebol horšie. | Pareto efficient: An allocation with the property that there is no alternative technically feasible allocation in which at least one person would be better off, and nobody worse off. |
| Pareto neefektívny: Alokácia, ktorá sa vyznačuje tým, že neexistuje iné alternatívne technicky uskutočniteľné rozdelenie, pri ktorom by na tom aspoň jeden človek bol lepšie a nikto by na tom nebol horšie. | Pareto inefficient: An allocation with the property that there is some alternative technically feasible allocation in which at least one person would be better off, and nobody worse off. |
| Paretovo kritérium: Podľa Paretovho kritéria je Paretova efektívnosť žiaducou vlastnosťou prerozdelenia. | Pareto criterion: According to the Pareto criterion, a desirable attribute of an allocation is that it be Pareto efficient. |
| Paretovo zlepšenie: Zmena, ktorá je pozitívna aspoň pre jednu osobu a zároveň nie je pre nikoho negatívna. | Pareto improvement: A change that benefits at least one person without making anyone else worse off. |
| parita kúpnej sily (PKS): Štatistická úprava, ktorá umožňuje porovnávať množstvo tovarov, ktoré si môžu ľudia kúpiť v rôznych krajinách s rozličnou menou. | purchasing power parity (PPP): A statistical correction allowing comparisons of the amount of goods people can buy in different countries that have different currencies. |
| pasívum: Všetko, čo má hodnotu a niekto to dlhuje. | liability: Anything of value that is owed. |
| patent: Právo výhradného vlastníctva myšlienky alebo vynálezu, ktoré má vopred určené trvanie. Počas tohto obdobia majiteľovi v podstate umožňuje mať na predmet patentu monopol a byť jeho výhradným používateľom. | patent: A right of exclusive ownership of an idea or invention, which lasts for a specified length of time. During this time it effectively allows the owner to be a monopolist or exclusive user. |
| peniaze: Peniaze uľahčujú výmenu (sú tzv. prostriedkom výmeny) a pozostávajú z bankoviek a bankových vkladov alebo z čohokoľvek iného, čo sa dá použiť na nákup tovaru a služieb a čo je všeobecne akceptované ostatnými ako platidlo, pretože ostatní ho môžu použiť na rovnaký účel. Posledná časť vety je dôležitá, lebo odlišuje výmenu pomocou peňazí od barterovej výmeny, pri ktorej sa tovar vymieňa priamo bez výmeny peňazí. | money: Money is something that facilitates exchange (called a medium of exchange) consisting of bank notes and bank deposits, or anything else that can be used to purchase goods and services, and is generally accepted by others as payment because others can use it for the same purpose. The ‘because’ is important and it distinguishes exchange facilitated by money from barter exchange, in which goods are directly exchanged without money changing hands. |
| percentil: Podmnožina pozorovaní vytvorená tak, že celý súbor pozorovaní zoradíme podľa hodnôt určitej premennej a potom ho rozdelíme na sto skupín rovnakej veľkosti. Prvý percentil napríklad označuje 1 % najnižších hodnôt v súbore pozorovaní. | percentile: A subset of observations, formed by ordering the full set of observations according to the values of a particular variable and then splitting the set into one hundred equally-sized groups. For example, the 1st percentile refers to the smallest 1% of values in a set of observations. |
| Phillipsova krivka: | Phillips curve: An inverse relationship between the rate of inflation and the rate of unemployment. It is named after Bill Phillips, who observed the relationship empirically, but it can also be derived from a theoretical model of wage and price setting. |
| Pigouova daň: Daň uvalená na činnosti, ktoré sa spájajú s negatívnymi externalitami, s cieľom napraviť neefektívny výsledok trhu. | Pigouvian tax: A tax levied on activities that generate negative external effects so as to correct an inefficient market outcome. |
| Pigouova dotácia: Štátna dotácia na podporu hospodárskej činnosti, ktorá sa spája s pozitívnou externalitou. | Pigouvian subsidy: A government subsidy to encourage an economic activity that has positive external effects. |
| platobná bilancia: | balance of payments (BP): This records the sources and uses of foreign exchange. This account records all payment transactions between the home country and the rest of the world, and is divided into two parts: the current account and the capital and financial account. Also known as: balance of payments account. This records the sources and uses of foreign exchange. This account records all payment transactions between the home country and the rest of the world, and is divided into two parts: the current account and the capital and financial account. Also known as: balance of payments account. |
| platobná služba: Akákoľvek služba poskytovaná finančnou inštitúciou, ktorá umožňuje jednej osobe alebo organizácii zaplatiť inej osobe za produkt alebo službu. | payment service: Any service provided by a financial institution to allow one person or organization to pay another for a product or service. |
| podnet: Ekonomická odmena alebo trest, ktoré ovplyvňujú prínosy a náklady alternatívnych spôsobov konania. | incentive: Economic reward or punishment, which influences the benefits and costs of alternative courses of action. |
| podnikateľ: Osoba, ktorá vytvára nové technológie, organizačné formy a iné príležitosti alebo patrí medzi ich prvých používateľov. | entrepreneur: A person who creates or is an early adopter of new technologies, organizational forms, and other opportunities. |
| podpora v nezamestnanosti: Štátny transfer, ktorý dostáva nezamestnaná osoba. | unemployment benefit: A government transfer received by an unemployed person. |
| politicky uskutočniteľný: Možnosť realizácie vzhľadom na existujúce politické inštitúcie. | politically feasible: Capable of being implemented given the existing political institutions. |
| politická inštitúcia: Pravidlá hry určujúce, kto má moc a ako sa v spoločnosti táto moc uplatňuje. | political institution: The rules of the game that determine who has power and how it is exercised in a society. |
| politická renta: Platba alebo iná výhoda prevyšujúca druhú najlepšiu alternatívu (rezervačnú pozíciu), ktorá existuje v dôsledku politickej pozície jednotlivca. Rezervačná pozícia sa v tomto prípade vzťahuje na situáciu jednotlivca, ak by nemal privilegované politické postavenie. | political rent: A payment or other benefit in excess of the individual's next best alternative (reservation position) that exists as a result of the individual's political position. The reservation position in this case refers to the individual's situation were they to lack a privileged political position. |
| politická zodpovednosť: Zodpovednosť dosiahnutá prostredníctvom politických procesov, ako sú voľby, dohľad volenej vlády alebo konzultácie s dotknutými občanmi. | political accountability: Accountability achieved by political processes such as elections, oversight by an elected government, or consultation with affected citizens. |
| politický systém: Súbor zásad, zákonov a procesov, ktoré určujú, ako sa vyberá vláda a ako táto vláda prijíma a vykonáva rozhodnutia, ktoré ovplyvnia všetkých obyvateľov alebo ich väčšinu. | political system: A set of principles, laws, and procedures that determine how governments will be selected, and how those governments will make and implement decisions that affect all or most members of a population. |
| politika hospodárskej súťaže: Vládna politika a zákony na obmedzenie monopolnej moci a zabránenie kartelom. | competition policy: Government policy and laws to limit monopoly power and prevent cartels. |
| politika zmierňovania (environmentálnych škôd): | abatement policy: A policy designed to reduce environmental damages. |
| pomer zadlženosti (pre banky alebo domácnosti): Hodnota aktív vydelená podielom vlastného kapitálu na týchto aktívach. | leverage ratio (for banks or households): The value of assets divided by the equity stake in those assets. |
| ponuková strana: | supply side: The supply side of the economy consists of the activities that produce the economy’s output, including the markets for labour and capital. In a microeconomic model of the market for a particular good it refers to the decisions of the sellers who supply the good to the market. |
| ponuková strana (agregátna ekonomika): | supply side (aggregate economy): How labour and capital are used to produce goods and services. It uses the labour market model (also referred to as the wage-setting curve and price-setting curve model). |
| ponukový šok: | supply shock: An unexpected or exogenous change in supply. In macroeconomics a supply shock means a change on the supply side of the economy, such as a rise or fall in oil prices or an improvement in technology. In microeconomics it refers to an exogenous shift in the supply curve for a particular good. |
| populácia v produktívnom veku: Štatistická skupina, ktorá v mnohých krajinách predstavuje všetkých ľudí vo veku od 15 do 64 rokov. | population of working age: A statistical convention, which in many countries is all people aged between 15 and 64 years. |
| pozitívna externalita: Pozitívny externý efekt, teda pozitívny vplyv výrobného, spotrebného alebo iného ekonomického rozhodnutia na inú osobu či ľudí, ktorý nie je stanovený v zmluve ako plnenie. | external benefit: A positive external effect: that is, a positive effect of a production, consumption, or other economic decision on another person or people that is not specified as a benefit in a contract. |
| pozitívna spätná väzba (proces): Proces, pri ktorom určitá počiatočná zmena uvedie do pohybu proces, ktorý túto počiatočnú zmenu zosilní. | positive feedback (process): A process whereby some initial change sets in motion a process that magnifies the initial change. |
| pozičný statok: Statok – napríklad vysoké postavenie, demonštratívna spotreba alebo moc, ktorého užívanie jedným členom komunity ostatní vnímajú negatívne. Čím väčší úžitok má jeden človek z tohto statku, tým viac sú poškodení ostatní. | positional good: A good—such as high status, conspicuous consumption, or power—which, if enjoyed by one member of a community is experienced negatively by others. The more one person benefits from this good, the more others are harmed. |
| požiadavky na kapitálovú primeranosť: | capital adequacy requirements: At both the national and international level, regulators require banks to hold a minimum amount of equity or capital relative to their assets. The objective of this regulation is to reduce risk-taking by banks. If unregulated, banks, believing they are too large or too interconnected to be allowed to fail, may take excessive risks and impose costs on society were they either to fail or to be rescued. Regulators assess the riskiness of a bank’s assets (its loans) and specify the capital that must be held relative to their risk-weighted assets. |
| pracovnoprávny vzťah: Vzájomný vzťah medzi zamestnancom a zamestnávateľom, v ktorom zamestnávateľ určuje pracovný čas a iné pracovné podmienky a mzdu, riadi činnosť zamestnanca a môže ukončiť jeho pracovný pomer a zamestnanec sa rozhoduje, ako tvrdo bude pracovať a či dá výpoveď. Úroveň úsilia zamestnanca alebo jeho rozhodnutie zostať vo firme určujú rozhodnutia oboch strán – ovplyvňuje ich výkon moci zo strany zamestnávateľa a spoločenské normy oboch strán. | employment relationship: The interaction between an employee and an employer in which the employer sets the hours and other conditions of work and the wage, directs the employee’s activities and may terminate her employment, and the employee chooses how hard to work and whether to quit her job. The employee's level of effort, or her decision to remain in the firm, are determined by the choices made by the two parties—and are affected by the exercise of power by the employer and the social norms of both parties. |
| pracovná sila: Počet ľudí v populácii v produktívnom veku, ktorí pracujú alebo chcú pracovať mimo domácnosti. Sú buď zamestnaní (vrátane živnostníkov), alebo nezamestnaní. | labour force: The number of people in the population of working age who are, or wish to be, in work outside the household. They are either employed (including self-employed) or unemployed. |
| pracovníkova funkcia najlepšej reakcie (na mzdy): Množstvo práce, pre ktoré sa pracovník rozhodne v rámci svojej najlepšej reakcie na každú mzdu, ktorú mu zamestnávateľ môže ponúknuť. | worker's best response function (to wage): The amount of work that a worker chooses to perform as her best response to each wage that the employer may offer. |
| prebytok bežného účtu: | current account surplus: The excess of the combined value of its exports and net earnings from assets abroad over the value of its imports. |
| prebytok spotrebiteľa: Ochota spotrebiteľa platiť za tovar mínus cena, za ktorú spotrebiteľ tovar kúpil, spolu za všetky predané jednotky. | consumer surplus: The consumer's willingness to pay for a good minus the price at which the consumer bought the good, summed across all units sold. |
| prebytok výrobcu: Cena, za ktorú firma predáva tovar, mínus minimálna cena, za ktorú by bola ochotná tovar predať, spolu za všetky predané jednotky. | producer surplus: The price at which a firm sells a good minus the minimum price at which it would have been willing to sell the good, summed across all units sold. |
| predmety dlhodobej spotreby: Spotrebný tovar s očakávanou životnosťou dlhšou ako tri roky, ako je nábytok do domácnosti, autá a chladničky. | consumer durables: Consumer goods with a life expectancy of more than three years such as home furniture, cars, and fridges. |
| preferencia: Posúdenie pozitív a negatív jednotlivých výsledkov dostupných činností, ktoré tvorí základ rozhodnutia, čo urobíme. | preference: Pro-and-con evaluations of the possible outcomes of the actions we may take that form the basis by which we decide on a course of action. |
| preťažiteľné verejné statky: | congestible public goods: If a public good becomes partially rival as more people use it, it may be described as a congestible public good. |
| pridaná hodnota: | value added: The value of output minus the value of all inputs (called intermediate goods). For a production process this is the value of output minus the value of all inputs (called intermediate goods). The capital goods and labour used in production are not intermediate goods. The value added is equal to profits before taxes plus wages. |
| priemer: Súhrnná štatistika pre súbor pozorovaní, ktorú vypočítame sčítaním všetkých hodnôt v súbore a vydelením počtom pozorovaní. | mean: A summary statistic for a set of observations, calculated by adding all values in the set and dividing by the number of observations. |
| priemerné náklady: | average cost: The total cost of producing the firm’s output divided by the total number of units of output produced. The total cost of the firms’s output divided by the total number of units of output. |
| priemerný produkt: Celková produkcia vydelená určitým vstupom, napríklad na pracovníka (vydelená počtom pracovníkov) alebo na pracovníka za hodinu (celková produkcia vydelená celkovým počtom hodín vynaloženej práce). | average product: Total output divided by a particular input, for example per worker (divided by the number of workers) or per worker per hour (total output divided by the total number of hours of labour put in). |
| priemysel: | industry: Goods-producing business activity: agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction. Manufacturing is the most important component. |
| priemyselná revolúcia: Vlna technologických pokrokov a organizačných zmien, ktorá sa začala v Británii v 18. storočí a zmenila základ hospodárstva z poľnohospodárstva a remesiel na obchod a priemysel. | Industrial Revolution: A wave of technological advances and organizational changes starting in Britain in the eighteenth century, which transformed an agrarian and craft-based economy into a commercial and industrial economy. |
| primárne trhy: | primary markets: |
| primárny deficit: | primary deficit: The government deficit (its revenue minus its expenditure) excluding interest payments on its debt. |
| primárny trh práce: | primary labour market: When the labour market is segmented into separate parts, a primary labour market is a segment where conditions for workers are relatively good, typically with trade union representation, high wages, and job security. A market in which workers are typically represented by trade unions, and enjoy high wages and job security. |
| prirodzený experiment: Empirická štúdia, ktorá využíva prirodzene sa vyskytujúce štatistické premenné, pri ktorých výskumníci nemajú možnosť prideliť účastníkov do experimentálnych a kontrolných skupín, ako je to pri bežných experimentoch. Namiesto toho nám umožňujú populáciu analyzovať rozdiely v zákonoch, politikách, počasí či iných aspektoch, tak ako keby bola súčasťou experimentu. Platnosť takýchto štúdií závisí od premisy, že pridelenie subjektov do prirodzene vytvorených experimentálnych a kontrolných skupín môžeme vierohodne považovať za náhodné. | natural experiment: An empirical study exploiting naturally occurring statistical controls in which researchers do not have the ability to assign participants to treatment and control groups, as is the case in conventional experiments. Instead, differences in law, policy, weather, or other events can offer the opportunity to analyse populations as if they had been part of an experiment. The validity of such studies depends on the premise that the assignment of subjects to the naturally occurring treatment and control groups can be plausibly argued to be random. |
| prirodzený monopol: Výrobný proces, pri ktorom má dlhodobá krivka priemerných nákladov dostatočný sklon smerom nadol, aby znemožnila udržanie konkurencie medzi firmami na tomto trhu. | natural monopoly: A production process in which the long-run average cost curve is sufficiently downward-sloping to make it impossible to sustain competition among firms in this market. |
| prirozdený logaritmus: | natural logarithm: See: logarithmic scale. |
| problém obmedzeného výberu: Tento problém je o tom, ako môžeme pre seba urobiť to najlepšie vzhľadom na naše preferencie a obmedzenia, ako aj vzácnosť vecí, ktoré si vážime. | constrained choice problem: This problem is about how we can do the best for ourselves, given our preferences and constraints, and when the things we value are scarce. |
| problém čierneho pasažiera: Ak má človek pri projekte založenom na spolupráci úžitok z príspevkov ostatných bez toho, aby sám prispel. | free ride: Benefiting from the contributions of others to some cooperative project without contributing oneself. |
| proces nerovnováhy: | disequilibrium process: An economic variable may change either because the things that determine the equilibrium value of that variable have changed (an equilibrium process), or because the system is not in equilibrium so that there exist forces for change that are internal to the model in question (a disequilibrium process). The latter process applies when the economy moves towards a stable equilibrium or away from a tipping point (an unstable equilibrium). |
| procesné spravodlivostné úsudky: Hodnotenie výsledku na základe toho, ako k alokácii došlo, a nie podľa vlastností samotného výsledku (napr. do akej miery je nerovný). | procedural judgements of fairness: An evaluation of an outcome based on how the allocation came about, and not on the characteristics of the outcome itself, (for example, how unequal it is). |
| procyklický: | procyclical: Tending to move in the same direction as aggregate output and employment over the business cycle. |
| produktivita kapitálu: | capital productivity: Output per unit of capital good. |
| produktivita práce: Celková produkcia vydelená počtom hodín alebo iným meradlom vynaloženej práce. | labour productivity: Total output divided by the number of hours or some other measure of labour input. |
| produkčná funkcia: Grafické alebo matematické vyjadrenie opisujúce množstvo produkcie, ktoré možno vyprodukovať pri danom množstve alebo kombinácii vstupov. Funkcia opisuje rôzne technológie schopné vyrobiť tú istú vec. | production function: A graphical or mathematical expression describing the amount of output that can be produced by any given amount or combination of input(s). The function describes differing technologies capable of producing the same thing. |
| progresivna (politika): | progressive (policy): An expenditure or transfer that increases the incomes of poorer households by more than richer households, in percentage terms. |
| protekcionizmus: | protectionist policy: Measures taken by a government to limit trade; in particular, to reduce the amount of imports in the economy. These are designed to protect local industries from external competition. They can take different forms, such as taxes on imported goods or import quotas. |
| proticyklický: | countercyclical: Tending to move in the opposite direction to aggregate output and employment over the business cycle. |
| práva duševného vlastníctva: | intellectual property rights: Patents, trademarks, and copyrights. |
| príjem: Suma príjmov z práce, dividend, úrokov, nájomného a iných platieb (vrátane transferov od štátu), ktorú dostane ekonomický subjekt po odpočítaní zaplatených daní, meraná za určité časové obdobie, napríklad za rok. Maximálna suma, ktorú môžete spotrebovať a váš majetok sa nezmení. | income: The amount of labour earnings, dividends, interest, rent, and other payments (including transfers from the government) received by an economic actor, net of taxes paid, measured over a period of time, such as a year. The maximum amount that you could consume and leave your wealth unchanged. |
| príjem očistený o opotrebenie: Disponibilný príjem mínus opotrebenie. | income net of depreciation: Disposable income minus depreciation. |
| príjmová elasticita dopytu: Percentuálna zmena dopytu, ku ktorej by došlo v reakcii na zvýšenie príjmu jednotlivca o 1 %. | income elasticity of demand: The percentage change in demand that would occur in response to a 1% increase in the individual's income. |
| rastúce výnosy z rozsahu: Dochádza k nim vtedy, keď zdvojnásobenie všetkých vstupov do produkcie spôsobí, že sa výstupy viac než zdvojnásobia. Tvar krivky dlhodobých priemerných nákladov firmy závisí od výnosov z rozsahu výroby a od vplyvu rozsahu na ceny, ktoré platí za svoje vstupy. | increasing returns to scale: These occur when doubling all of the inputs to a production process more than doubles the output. The shape of a firm's long-run average cost curve depends both on returns to scale in production and the effect of scale on the prices it pays for its inputs. |
| ratingová agentúra: | credit ratings agency: A firm which collects information to calculate the credit-worthiness of individuals or companies, and sells the resulting rating for a fee to interested parties. |
| recesia: | recession: The US National Bureau of Economic Research defines a recession as a period when output is declining. It is over once the economy begins to grow again. An alternative definition is a period when the level of output is below its normal level, even if the economy is growing. It is not over until output has grown enough to get back to normal. The latter definition has the problem that the ‘normal’ level is subjective. The US National Bureau of Economic Research defines it as a period when output is declining. It is over once the economy begins to grow again. An alternative definition is a period when the level of output is below its normal level, even if the economy is growing. It is not over until output has grown enough to get back to normal. The latter definition has the problem that the ‘normal’ level is subjective. |
| relatívna cena: | relative price: The price of one good or service compared to another (usually expressed as a ratio of the two prices). The price of one good or service compared to another (usually expressed as a ratio). |
| remitancie: | remittances: Money sent home by international migrant workers to their families or others in the migrants’ home country. In countries which either supply or receive large numbers of migrant workers, this is an important international capital flow. |
| renta z nerovnováhy: | disequilibrium rent: The economic rent that arises when a market is not in equilibrium, for example when there is excess demand or excess supply in a market for some good or service. In contrast, rents that arise in equilibrium are called equilibrium rents. |
| reverzná kauzalita: | reverse causality: If we are looking for evidence that one variable (x) causes another (y) and find that the variables are correlated, the explanation may be the reverse: that y causes x. For example, if we find that people who attend university earn more, does that mean that university increased their earning ability? Could it be that people with high earning potential are more likely to attend university? A two-way causal relationship in which A affects B and B also affects A. |
| rezervačná cena: Najnižšia cena, za ktorú je niekto ochotný predať tovar (ponechanie si tovaru je pre potenciálneho predávajúceho rezervačnou možnosťou). | reservation price: The lowest price at which someone is willing to sell a good (keeping the good is the potential seller's reservation option). |
| rezervačná indiferenčná krivka: Krivka spájajúca alokácie (kombinácie), ktoré si človek cení rovnako ako svoju rezervačnú možnosť. | reservation indifference curve: A curve that indicates allocations (combinations) that are as highly valued as one's reservation option. |
| rezervačná možnosť: Druhá najlepšia možnosť, ktorú má človek v konkrétnej transakcii k dispozícii. | reservation option: A person's next best alternative among all options in a particular transaction. |
| rezervačná mzda: To, čo by zamestnanec dostal v náhradnom zamestnaní alebo z dávky v nezamestnanosti alebo inej podpory, ak by nebol zamestnaný vo svojom súčasnom zamestnaní. | reservation wage: What an employee would get in alternative employment, or from an unemployment benefit or other support, were he or she not employed in his or her current job. |
| reálna mzda: Nominálna mzda upravená tak, aby zohľadňovala zmeny v cenách medzi rôznymi časovými obdobiami. Meria množstvo tovarov a služieb, ktoré si pracovník dokáže kúpiť. | real wage: The nominal wage, adjusted to take account of changes in prices between different time periods. It measures the amount of goods and services the worker can buy. |
| reálna úroková miera: Cena za presun časti reálnej kúpnej sily na skoršie časové obdobie. | real interest rate: The price of bringing some real spending power forward in time. |
| reálny HDP: Ukazovateľ trhovej hodnoty produkcie ekonomiky za určité obdobie upravený o infláciu. (HDP). | real GDP: An inflation-adjusted measure of the market value of the output of the economy in a given period. (GDP). |
| rivalitný statok: Statok, ktorý v prípade spotreby jednou osobou už pre inú nie je k dispozícii. | rival good: A good which, if consumed by one person, is not available to another. |
| riziko likvidity: Riziko, že aktívum nebude možné vymeniť za hotovosť dostatočne rýchlo, aby sa zabránilo finančnej strate. | liquidity risk: The risk that an asset cannot be exchanged for cash rapidly enough to prevent a financial loss. |
| riziko nesplatenia: Riziko, že úver poskytnutý vo forme pôžičky nebude splatený. | default risk: The risk that credit given as loans will not be repaid. |
| riziko vyvlastnenia: | expropriation risk: The probability that an asset will be taken from its owner by the government or some other actor. |
| riziková hypotéka: Hypotéka na bývanie poskytnutá vysoko rizikovému dlžníkovi, napríklad dlžníkovi s históriou bankrotu či oneskorených splátok. | subprime mortgage: A residential mortgage issued to a high-risk borrower, for example, a borrower with a history of bankruptcy and delayed repayments. |
| rizikový dlžník: Fyzická osoba s nízkym úverovým ratingom a vysokým rizikom zlyhania. | subprime borrower: An individual with a low credit rating and a high risk of default. |
| rodová deľba práce: Rozdiely medzi mužmi a ženami v tom, ako trávia svoj pracovný čas. | gender division of labour: The ways men and women differ in how they spend their work time. |
| rovnováha: Výsledok modelu, ktorý sa zmení iba vtedy, ak naň začne pôsobiť vonkajšia externá sila, ktorá zmení charakteristiku situácie v modeli. | equilibrium: A model outcome that does not change unless an outside or external force is introduced that alters the model’s description of the situation. |
| rovnováha dominantných stratégií: Výsledok hry, v ktorom každý hráč použije svoju dominantnú stratégiu. | dominant strategy equilibrium: An outcome of a game in which every player plays his or her dominant strategy. |
| rovnováha na trhu práce: | labour market equilibrium: The combination of the real wage and the level of employment determined by the intersection of the wage-setting and the price-setting curves. This is the Nash equilibrium of the labour market because neither employers nor workers could do better by changing their behaviour. |
| rovnováha na trhu statkov: | goods market equilibrium: A goods market is in equilibrium when the supply of goods is equal to the demand. In the multiplier model, aggregate demand for goods and services, AD, depends on income, Y, and income is equal to the output that firms supply. Goods market equilibrium is at the value of Y where aggregate demand is equal to output: AD = Y. The point at which output equals the aggregate demand for goods produced in the home economy. The economy will continue producing at this output level unless something changes spending behaviour. |
| rovnovážna cena: | equilibrium price: This term normally refers to the price at which supply and demand for a good are equalized, so that the market is in equilibrium (also known as the market-clearing price). But it could refer to the level of the price in the equilibrium of other economic models. |
| rovnovážna nezamestnanosť: Počet ľudí bez práce, ktorí si prácu hľadajú, čo predstavuje priesečník mzdovej a cenovej krivky. Ide o Nashovu rovnováhu trhu práce a trhu výrobkov, keď ani zamestnávatelia, ani pracovníci nedokážu zmenou svojho správania dosiahnuť lepšie výsledky. | equilibrium unemployment: The number of people seeking work but without jobs, which is determined by the intersection of the wage-setting and price-setting curves. This is the Nash equilibrium of the labour market and product market where neither employers nor workers could do better by changing their behaviour. |
| rovnovážna renta: | equilibrium rent: Rent in a market that is in equilibrium. Also known as: stationary or persistent rents. |
| rozdiel v rozdieloch: Metóda, ktorá aplikuje experimentálne výskumné návrhy na výsledky pozorované v prirodzenom experimente. Jej súčasťou je porovnanie rozdielu v priemerných výsledkoch dvoch skupín, experimentálnej a kontrolnej, a to pred a po vykonaní samotnej intervencie. | difference-in-difference: A method that applies an experimental research design to outcomes observed in a natural experiment. It involves comparing the difference in the average outcomes of two groups, a treatment and control group, both before and after the treatment took place. |
| rozpočtové obmedzenie: Rovnica predstavujúca všetky kombinácie tovarov a služieb, ktoré by si človek mohol zaobstarať a ktoré presne vyčerpajú jeho rozpočtové zdroje. | budget constraint: An equation that represents all combinations of goods and services that one could acquire that exactly exhaust one's budgetary resources. |
| samopoistenie: | self-insurance: To maintain their consumption, households can use savings and borrowing to self-insure against a temporary fall in income or need for greater expenditure. Saving by a household in order to be able to maintain its consumption when there is a temporary fall in income or need for greater expenditure. |
| segmentovaný trh práce: | segmented labour market: A labour market with two or more distinct segments that function as separate labour markets, with limited mobility of workers from one segment to the other (including for reasons of racial, language, or other forms of discrimination). A labour market whose distinct segments function as separate labour markets with limited mobility of workers from one segment to the other (including for reasons of racial, language, or other forms of discrimination). |
| sekundárne a primárne trhy: Primárny trh sa vyznačuje tým, že sa na ňom tovary či finančné aktíva predávajú prvý raz. Počiatočný predaj akcií spoločnosti investorovi (označuje sa aj ako prvotná verejná ponuka akcií) teda napríklad prebieha na primárnom trhu. Ďalšie obchodovanie s týmito akciami na burze sa uskutočňuje na sekundárnom trhu. Rovnaké pojmy sa používajú aj na označenie prvotného predaja lístkov (primárny trh) a sekundárneho trhu, kde sa s nimi ďalej obchoduje. | secondary and primary markets: The primary market is where goods or financial assets are sold for the first time. For example, the initial sale of shares by a company to an investor (known as an initial public offering or IPO) is on the primary market. The subsequent trading of those shares on the stock exchange is on the secondary market. The terms are also used to describe the initial sale of tickets (primary market) and the secondary market in which they are traded. |
| sekundárny trh práce: | secondary labour market: When the labour market is segmented into separate parts, a secondary labour market is a segment where conditions for workers are relatively poor, typically with low wages and short-term contracts or limited job security. This might be due to their age, or because they are discriminated against according to race or ethnic group. Workers typically on short-term contracts with limited wages and job security. This might be due to their age, or because they are discriminated against by race or ethnic group. |
| sekvenčná hra: Hra, v ktorej si jednotliví hráči nevyberajú stratégiu súčasne a hráči, ktorí sú na rade neskôr, vidia, aké stratégie si vybrali hráči pred nimi. Príkladom je hra ultimátum. | sequential game: A game in which all players do not choose their strategies at the same time, and players that choose later can see the strategies already chosen by the other players, for example the ultimatum game. |
| sieťové úspory z rozsahu: Dochádza k nim vtedy, keď zvýšenie počtu používateľov výstupu firmy znamená zvýšenie hodnoty výstupu pre každého z nich, pretože sú navzájom prepojení. | network economies of scale: These exist when an increase in the number of users of an output of a firm implies an increase in the value of the output to each of them, because they are connected to each other. |
| simultánna hra: Hra, v ktorej si hráči vyberajú stratégie súčasne, napr. väzňova dilema. | simultaneous game: A game in which players choose strategies simultaneously, for example the prisoners' dilemma. |
| skrytá činnosť (problém skrytej činnosti): Dochádza k nej, keď jedna strana výmeny nevie o nejakej činnosti druhej strany alebo si ju nevie overiť. | hidden actions (problem of): This occurs when some action taken by one party to an exchange is not known or cannot be verified by the other. |
| skryté vlastnosti (problém skrytých vlastností): Dochádza k nim vtedy, keď ostatné strany nepoznajú niektorú z vlastností osoby, ktorá vstupuje do interakcie (resp. poskytovaného produktu alebo služby). | hidden attributes (problem of): This occurs when some attribute of the person engaging in an exchange (or the product or service being provided) is not known to the other parties. |
| slabá vôľa: Neschopnosť zaviazať sa k určitému konaniu (napríklad k diéte alebo vzdaniu sa iného potešenia v súčasnosti), ktorú človek neskôr oľutuje. Líši sa od netrpezlivosti, ktorá tiež môže viesť k tomu, že človek uprednostní potešenie v prítomnosti, ale nemusí nutne konať spôsobom, ktorý oľutuje. | weakness of will: The inability to commit to a course of action (dieting or foregoing some other present pleasure, for example) that one will regret later. It differs from impatience, which may also lead a person to favour pleasures in the present, but not necessarily act in a way that one regrets. |
| sociálne poistenie: Výdavky štátu financované z daní, ktoré poskytujú ochranu pred rôznymi ekonomickými rizikami (napríklad stratou príjmu v dôsledku choroby alebo nezamestnanosti) a umožňujú ľuďom vyrovnávať príjmy počas celého života. | social insurance: Expenditure by the government, financed by taxation, which provides protection against various economic risks (for example, loss of income due to sickness, or unemployment) and enables people to smooth incomes throughout their lifetime. |
| solventný: Firma alebo jednotlivec s kladnou alebo nulovou čistou hodnotou. Môže ísť napríklad o banku, ktorej aktíva majú vyššiu hodnotu ako pasíva (teda dlhy). | solvent: A firm or individual for which net worth is positive or zero. For example, a bank whose assets are more than its liabilities (what it owes). |
| spoločenská dilema: Situácia, v ktorej konanie jednotlivca, ktorý nasleduje svoj osobný cieľ, môže viesť k výsledku, ktorý je horší než iný reálny výsledok, ku ktorému by došlo, ak by ľudia nekonali ako jednotlivci, ale spolupracovali. | social dilemma: A situation in which actions, taken independently by individuals in pursuit of their own private objectives, may result in an outcome that is inferior to some other feasible outcome that could have occurred if people had acted together, rather than as individuals. |
| spoločenská interakcia: Situácia, v ktorej konanie jednej osoby ovplyvňuje jej výsledky a výsledky iných. | social interactions: A situation in which the actions taken by each person affect other people's outcomes as well as their own. |
| spoločenská norma: Nepísané pravidlo, ktoré pozná väčšina členov spoločnosti a týka sa toho, čo by ľudia v určitej situácii, keď ich konanie ovplyvňuje ostatných, mali urobiť. | social norm: An understanding that is common to most members of a society about what people should do in a given situation when their actions affect others. |
| spoločenské hraničné náklady (MSC): Náklady na výrobu dodatočnej jednotky tovaru, pričom sa zohľadňujú náklady výrobcu aj náklady, ktoré vznikli ostatným osobám ovplyvneným výrobou tovaru. Spoločenské hraničné náklady sú súčtom súkromných hraničných nákladov a hraničnej negatívnej externality. | marginal social cost (MSC): The cost of producing an additional unit of a good, taking into account both the cost for the producer and the costs incurred by others affected by the good's production. Marginal social cost is the sum of the marginal private cost and the marginal external cost. |
| spoločenské hraničné výnosy (MSB): Úžitok (v zmysle užitočnosti) z výroby alebo spotreby dodatočnej jednotky tovaru, pričom sa berie do úvahy úžitok jednotlivca, ktorý sa rozhoduje o výrobe alebo spotrebe, ako aj úžitok všetkých ostatných, ktorých sa toto rozhodnutie týka. | marginal social benefit (MSB): The benefit (in terms of utility) of producing or consuming an additional unit of a good, taking into account both the benefit to the individual who decides to produce or consume it, and the benefit to anyone else affected by the decision. |
| spoločenské preferencie: Človek, ktorý má spoločenské preferencie, sa nestará len o dôsledky svojho konania pre seba, ale aj pre ostatných. | social preferences: A person with social preferences cares not only about how her action affects her personally, but also about how it affects other people. |
| spoločné zdroje: Rivalitný statok, v ktorého užívaní človek nemôže brániť iným. | common-pool resource: A rival good that one cannot prevent others from enjoying. |
| spoločný prebytok: Súčet ekonomických rent všetkých ľudí vstupujúcich do interakcie. | joint surplus: The sum of the economic rents of all involved in an interaction. |
| spolupoistenie: Spôsob združovania úspor v domácnostiach, aby si domácnosť mohla udržať spotrebu v prípade dočasného poklesu príjmov alebo potreby väčších výdavkov. | co-insurance: A means of pooling savings across households in order for a household to be able to maintain consumption when it experiences a temporary fall in income or the need for greater expenditure. |
| spolupráca: Účasť na spoločnom projekte s cieľom dosiahnuť spoločné výhody. | cooperation: Participating in a common project that is intended to produce mutual benefits. |
| spotreba: | consumption: Expenditure on consumer goods. Consumer goods include both short-lived goods and services and long-lived goods, which are called consumer durables. |
| spotreba (C): Výdavky na tovary a služby krátkodobej spotreby aj na trvácnejšie tovary, ktoré sa nazývajú predmety dlhodobej spotreby. | consumption: Expenditure on both short-lived goods and services and long-lived goods, which are called consumer durables. |
| spotrebný statok: | consumer good: Any good that can be bought by consumers, including both short-lived goods and long-lived goods, which are called consumer durables. |
| spotrebný tovar: Tovar alebo služba, ktoré uspokojujú potreby spotrebiteľov počas krátkeho obdobia. | consumption good: A good or service that satisfies the needs of consumers over a short period. |
| spravodlivosť: Spôsob hodnotenia prerozdelenia na základe vlastného ponímania spravodlivosti. | fairness: A way to evaluate an allocation based on one's conception of justice. |
| stabilná rovnováha: | stable equilibrium: An equilibrium is stable if a small movement away from the equilibrium is self-correcting (leading to movement back toward the equilibrium). An equilibrium in which there is a tendency for the equilibrium to be restored after it is disturbed by a small shock. |
| stagflácia: | stagflation: Persistent high inflation combined with high unemployment in a country’s economy. |
| stavová premenná: Veličina meraná v istom časovom bode. Jej jednotky nezávisia od času. | stock variable: A quantity measured at a point in time. Its units do not depend on time. |
| strata mŕtvej váhy: Strata celkového prebytku v porovnaní s Pareto efektívnou alokáciou. | deadweight loss: A loss of total surplus relative to a Pareto-efficient allocation. |
| strategická interakcia: Spoločenská interakcia, v ktorej sú si účastníci vedomí toho, ako ich konanie ovplyvňuje ostatných (a ako konanie ostatných ovplyvňuje ich). | strategic interaction: A social interaction in which the participants are aware of the ways that their actions affect others (and the ways that the actions of others affect them). |
| strategické komplementy: | strategic complements: For two activities A and B: the more that A is performed, the greater the benefits of performing B, and the more that B is performed the greater the benefits of performing A. |
| strategické substitúty: | strategic substitutes: For two activities A and B: the more that A is performed, the less the benefits of performing B, and the more that B is performed the less the benefits of perfoming A. |
| stratégia: Činnosť (alebo konanie), ktorú človek môže vykonať, ak si je vedomý, že jeho výsledky a výsledky ostatných sú od seba navzájom závislé. Výsledky závisia nielen od činnosti daného človeka, ale aj činnosti ostatných. | strategy: An action (or a course of action) that a person may take when that person is aware of the mutual dependence of the results for herself and for others. The outcomes depend not only on that person's actions, but also on the actions of others. |
| strednodobý (model): | medium run (model): The term does not refer to a period of time, but instead to what is exogenous. In this case capital stock, technology, and institutions are exogenous. Output, employment, prices, and wages are endogenous. |
| stále ceny: Ceny upravené o zvyšovanie cien (infláciu) alebo znižovanie cien (defláciu), takže jedna jednotka meny predstavuje v rôznych časových obdobiach rovnakú kúpnu silu. | constant prices: Prices corrected for increases in prices (inflation) or decreases in prices (deflation) so that a unit of currency represents the same buying power in different periods of time. |
| substantívne spravodlivostné úsudky: Úsudky vychádzajúce z charakteristiky samotnej alokácie a nie z procesu, ako k nemu došlo. | substantive judgements of fairness: Judgements based on the characteristics of the allocation itself, not how it was determined. |
| substitučný efekt: Ide napríklad o efekt na rozhodnutie o spotrebe statku, ktorý je spôsobený len zmenami ceny alebo nákladov obetovanej príležitosti, vzhľadom na novú úroveň užitočnosti. | substitution effect: The effect for example, on the choice of consumption of a good that is only due to changes in the price or opportunity cost, given the new level of utility. |
| substitúty: Dva tovary, pri ktorých platí, že zvýšenie ceny jedného vedie k zvýšeniu dopytovaného množstva druhého. | substitutes: Two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the quantity demanded of the other. |
| subvencia na mzdy: Štátna platba buď firmám, alebo zamestnancom s cieľom zvýšiť mzdy, ktoré dostávajú pracovníci, alebo znížiť mzdové náklady, ktoré platia firmy, s cieľom zvýšiť počet zamestnancov a ich príjmy. | wage subsidy: A government payment either to firms or employees, to raise the wage received by workers or lower the wage costs paid by firms, with the objective of increasing hiring and workers' incomes. |
| svetová finančná kríza: Začala sa v roku 2007 kolapsom cien nehnuteľností v USA, ktorý viedol k poklesu cien aktív založených na rizikových hypotékach a k všeobecnej neistote v súvislosti so solventnosťou bánk v USA a Európe, ktoré si požičiavali na nákup takýchto aktív. Dôsledky pocítil celý svet, keďže sa prudko obmedzil svetový obchod. Vlády a centrálne banky reagovali agresívnymi stabilizačnými opatreniami. | global financial crisis: This began in 2007 with the collapse of house prices in the US, leading to the fall in prices of assets based on subprime mortgages and to widespread uncertainty about the solvency of banks in the US and Europe, which had borrowed to purchase such assets. The ramifications were felt around the world, as global trade was cut back sharply. Goverments and central banks responded aggressively with stabilization policies. |
| systém obchodovania s emisnými povolenkami: | cap and trade: A policy through which a limited number of permits to pollute are issued, and can be bought and sold on a market. It combines a quantity-based limit on emissions, and a price-based approach that places a cost on environmentally damaging decisions. |
| súkromné hraničné náklady (MPC): Náklady výrobcu na výrobu dodatočnej jednotky tovaru bez zohľadnenia akýchkoľvek nákladov, ktoré jeho výroba spôsobuje ostatným. | marginal private cost (MPC): The cost for the producer of producing an additional unit of a good, not taking into account any costs its production imposes on others. |
| súkromné hraničné výnosy (MPB): Úžitok (v zmysle zisku alebo užitočnosti) z výroby alebo spotreby dodatočnej jednotky tovaru pre jednotlivca, ktorý sa rozhodol ju vyrobiť alebo spotrebovať, bez zohľadnenia úžitku, ktorý získali ostatní. | marginal private benefit (MPB): The benefit (in terms of profit, or utility) of producing or consuming an additional unit of a good for the individual who decides to produce or consume it, not taking into account any benefit received by others. |
| súkromné vlastníctvo: Právo a očakávanie, že človek môže využívať vlastný majetok spôsobom, aký uzná za vhodný, iným môže odoprieť jeho používanie a vlastníctvo môže previesť darovaním alebo predajom niekomu inému, kto sa potom stáva majiteľom. | private property: Something is private property if the person possessing it has the right to exclude others from it, to benefit from the use of it, and to exchange it with others. |
| súkromný statok: | private good: A good that is rival (when one person consumes a unit of the good, that unit is not available to others) and excludable (people can be prevented from consuming it). A good that is both rival, and from which others can be excluded. |
| súvaha: Záznam o aktívach, pasívach a čistej hodnote ekonomického subjektu, ako je domácnosť, banka, firma alebo vláda. | balance sheet: A record of the assets, liabilities, and net worth of an economic actor such as a household, bank, firm, or government. |
| súčasná hodnota: Dnešná hodnota toku budúcich príjmov alebo iných výhod, ak sú diskontované pomocou úrokovej sadzby alebo vlastnej diskontnej sadzby danej osoby. | present value: The value today of a stream of future income or other benefits, when these are discounted using an interest rate or the person's own discount rate. |
| taylorizmus: | Taylorism: Innovation in management that seeks to reduce labour costs, for example by dividing skilled jobs into separate less-skilled tasks so as to lower wages. |
| technicky uskutočniteľný: Alokácia, ktorá spĺňa obmedzenia technológie a biológie. | technically feasible: An allocation within the limits set by technology and biology. |
| technologický pokrok: Zmena v technológii, ktorá znižuje množstvo zdrojov (práce, strojov, pôdy, energie a času) potrebných na výrobu daného množstva produkcie. | technological progress: A change in technology that reduces the amount of resources (labour, machines, land, energy, time) required to produce a given amount of the output. |
| technológia: Proces, v ktorom sa použije súbor materiálov a iných vstupov vrátane práce ľudí a investičného majetku (napr. stroje) na výrobu výstupu. | technology: A process taking a set of materials and other inputs, including the work of people and capital goods (such as machines), to produce an output. |
| teória hier: Odvetvie matematiky, ktoré skúma strategické interakcie, teda situácie, v ktorých všetci hráči vedia, že ich výhody závisia od konania všetkých hráčov. | game theory: A branch of mathematics that studies strategic interactions, meaning situations in which each actor knows that the benefits they receive depend on the actions taken by all. |
| toková premenná: Veličina meraná za časovú jednotku, napríklad ročný príjem alebo hodinová mzda. | flow variable: A quantity measured per unit of time, such as annual income or hourly wage. |
| tragédia spoločne využívaných statkov: Spoločenská dilema, v ktorej jednotlivci, ktorí konajú samostatne a nasledujú vlastný záujem, vyčerpajú spoločný zdroj, čím sa zhoršia odmeny pre všetkých. | tragedy of the commons: A social dilemma in which self-interested individuals acting independently deplete a common resource, lowering the payoffs of all. |
| transakčné náklady: Náklady, ktoré bránia procesu vyjednávania alebo dohode o zmluve. Patria k nim náklady na získanie informácií o tovare, s ktorým sa má obchodovať, a náklady na vymáhanie zmluvy. | transaction costs: Costs that impede the bargaining process or the agreement of a contract. They include costs of acquiring information about the good to be traded, and costs of enforcing a contract. |
| transformácia splatnosti: Prax požičiavania si na krátke obdobie a poskytovania úverov na dlhé obdobie. Banka napríklad prijíma vklady, ktoré sľúbi vyplatiť v krátkom čase alebo okamžite, a poskytuje dlhodobé úvery (ktoré sa môžu splácať dlhé roky). | maturity transformation: The practice of borrowing money short term and lending it long term. For example, a bank accepts deposits, which it promises to repay at short notice or no notice, and makes long-term loans (which can be repaid over many years). |
| trh: Spôsob prepájania ľudí, ktorí môžu navzájom čerpať výhody z výmeny tovarov alebo služieb prostredníctvom predaja a kúpy. | market: A way that people exchange goods and services by means of directly reciprocated transfers (unlike gifts), voluntarily entered into for mutual benefit (unlike theft, taxation), that is often impersonal (unlike transfers among friends, family). |
| trh práce: | labour market: The market in which employers offer wages to individuals who may agree to work under their direction. Economists say that employers are on the demand side of this market, while employees are on the supply side. In this market, employers offer wages to individuals who may agree to work under their direction. Economists say that employers are on the demand side of this market, while employees are on the supply side. |
| trhová sila: Vlastnosť podniku, ktorý môže predávať svoj výrobok za rôzne realizovateľné ceny, takže môže mať prospech z toho, že pôsobí ako určovateľ cien (a nie ako prijímateľ cien). | market power: An attribute of a firm that can sell its product at a range of feasible prices, so that it can benefit by acting as a price-setter (rather than a price-taker). |
| trilema svetovej ekonomiky: | trilemma of the world economy: The likely impossibility that any country, in a globalized world, can simultaneously maintain deep market integration (across borders), national sovereignty, and democratic governance. First suggested by Dani Rodrik, an economist. |
| tvorivá deštrukcia: Pojem, ktorým Joseph Schumpeter nazval proces, keď staré technológie a firmy, ktoré sa neprispôsobujú, vytlačia nové, lebo už nedokážu na trhu konkurovať. Z jeho pohľadu je zlyhanie neziskových firiem tvorivé, lebo sa pri ňom uvoľní práca a kapitálové statky, ktoré možno použiť v nových kombináciách. | creative destruction: Joseph Schumpeter's name for the process by which old technologies and the firms that do not adapt are swept away by the new, because they cannot compete in the market. In his view, the failure of unprofitable firms is creative because it releases labour and capital goods for use in new combinations. |
| umelo vzácny statok: Verejný statok, z ktorého užívania je možné niektorých ľudí vylúčiť. | artificially scarce good: A public good for which it is possible to exclude some people from enjoying. |
| užitočnosť: Číselný ukazovateľ hodnoty, ktorú človek prikladá výsledku tak, že výsledky s vyššou hodnotou budú uprednostnené pred výsledkami s nižšou hodnotou, ak sú oba uskutočniteľné. | utility: A numerical indicator of the value that one places on an outcome, such that higher-valued outcomes will be chosen over lower-valued ones when both are feasible. |
| variabilné náklady: | variable costs: Costs of production that vary with the number of units produced. |
| Veblenov efekt: Negatívna externalita, ktorá vzniká v dôsledku spotreby pozičných statkov. Príkladom sú negatívne externality pre ostatných spôsobené spotrebou luxusného bývania, oblečenia alebo vozidiel. | Veblen effect: A negative external effect that arises from the consumption of a positional good. Examples include the negative external effects imposed on others by the consumption of luxury housing, clothing, or vehicles. |
| verejná politika: Politika, o ktorej rozhoduje vláda. | public policy: A policy decided by the government. |
| verejné zlo: Negatívny ekvivalent verejného statku. Je nerivalitné v tom zmysle, že spotreba verejného zla daným jednotlivcom neznižuje spotrebu ostatných. | public bad: The negative equivalent of a public good. It is non-rival in the sense that a given individual's consumption of the public bad does not diminish others' consumption of it. |
| verejný statok: Statok, ktorého dostupnosť sa pri použití jednou osobou nezníži. | public good: A good for which use by one person does not reduce its availability to others. |
| veľká hospodárska kríza: | Great Depression: The period of a sharp fall in output and employment in many countries in the 193s. |
| vlastnícke práva: Právna ochrana vlastníctva vrátane práva zabrániť iným osobám vo využívaní danej veci a čerpať úžitok z vlastnenej veci alebo ju predať. | property rights: Legal protection of ownership, including the right to exclude others and to benefit from or sell the thing owned. |
| vlastný kapitál: Vlastná investícia jednotlivca do projektu. V súvahe jednotlivca či firmy sa uvádza ako čistá hodnota. | equity: An individual's own investment in a project. This is recorded in an individual's or firm's balance sheet as net worth. |
| vláda: Jediný orgán na určitom území, ktorý môže určovať, čo ľudia smú a nesmú robiť, a smie na dosiahnutie tohto cieľa legitímne používať silu a obmedzenia slobody jednotlivca. | government: Within a given territory, the only body that can dictate what people must do or not do, and can legitimately use force and restraints on an individual's freedom to achieve that end. |
| vládne transfery: | government transfers: Spending by the government in the form of payments to households or individuals. Unemployment benefits and pensions are examples. Transfers are not included in government spending (G) in the national accounts. |
| vládne výdavky (G): | government spending (G): Expenditure by the government to purchase goods and services. When used as a component of aggregate demand, this does not include spending on transfers such as pensions and unemployment benefits. |
| vládnuca elita: Najvyšší vládni predstavitelia, ako napríklad prezident, členovia vlády a vedúci predstavitelia zákonodarných orgánov, ktorých spája spoločný záujem, napríklad členstvo v určitej strane. | governing elite: Top government officials such as the president, cabinet officials, and legislative leaders, unified by a common interest such as membership in a particular party. |
| vyjednávacia medzera: | bargaining gap: The difference between the real wage that firms wish to offer in order to recruit/retain workers and provide them with incentives to work, and the real wage that allows firms the markup that maximizes profits given the degree of competition. The difference between the real wage that firms wish to offer in order to provide workers with incentives to work, and the real wage that allows firms the markup that maximizes profits given the degree of competition. |
| vyjednávacia sila: Miera výhody človeka pri zabezpečovaní vyššieho podielu ekonomických rent v interakcii. | bargaining power: The extent of a person's advantage in securing a larger share of the economic rents made possible by an interaction. |
| vylúčený z úverového trhu: Opis jednotlivcov, ktorí si nedokážu požičať za žiadnych podmienok. | credit-excluded: A description of individuals who are unable to borrow on any terms. |
| vylúčiteľný: | excludable: A good is excludable if (at zero or low cost) a potential user may be denied access to the good. |
| vynútiteľná zmluva: | enforceable contract: A contract is enforceable if it is legally binding. For a contract to be enforceable, a court must be able to establish whether the both parties complied with its terms. |
| vyrovnanie spotreby: Činnosť jednotlivca, rodiny alebo inej skupiny s cieľom udržať si obvyklú úroveň spotreby. Možnosti zahŕňajú požičiavanie si alebo znižovanie úspor s cieľom kompenzovať negatívne šoky, ako je nezamestnanosť alebo choroba, a zvyšovanie úspor alebo znižovanie dlhu v reakcii na pozitívne šoky, ako je povýšenie alebo dedičstvo. | consumption smoothing: Actions taken by an individual, family, or other group in order to sustain their customary level of consumption. Actions include borrowing or reducing savings to offset negative shocks, such as unemployment or illness; and increasing saving or reducing debt in response to positive shocks, such as promotion or inheritance. |
| vytláčanie: Tento termín sa používa v dvoch odlišných významoch. Jedným z nich je pozorovaný negatívny vplyv, keď ekonomické stimuly zatienia etické motivácie či motivácie súvisiace so záujmom o ostatných. V štúdiách o správaní jednotlivcov môžu mať stimuly vytláčací efekt na spoločenské preferencie. V druhom význame sa pojem používa na vplyv zvýšenia vládnych výdavkov na zníženie súkromných výdavkov, k čomu môže dochádzať napríklad v ekonomike, ktorá naplno využíva svoje kapacity, alebo keď sa fiškálna expanzia spojí s rastom úrokovej miery. | crowding out: There are two quite distinct uses of the term. One is the observed negative effect when economic incentives displace people's ethical or other-regarding motivations. In studies of individual behaviour, incentives may have a crowding-out effect on social preferences. A second use of the term is to refer to the effect of an increase in government spending in reducing private spending, as would be expected for example in an economy working at full capacity utilization, or when a fiscal expansion is associated with a rise in the interest rate. |
| vzácnosť: Ide o vlastnosť statku, ktorý má hodnotu a so získaním väčšieho množstva tohto statku sa spájajú náklady obetovanej príležitosti. | scarcity: A good that is valued, and for which there is an opportunity cost of acquiring more. |
| vzájomnosť: Preferencia týkajúca sa správania k iným, ktorá závisí od toho, ako vnímame konanie alebo charakter iných, napríklad preferencia pomáhať tým, ktorí nám pomohli alebo konali správne (podľa nás), a uškodiť tým, ktorí konali nesprávne. Pokladá sa za spoločenskú preferenciu. | reciprocity: A preference concerning one's actions towards others that depends on an evaluation of the others' actions or character, for example, a preference to help those who have helped you or in some other way acted well (in your opinion), and to harm those who have acted poorly. It is considered a social preference. |
| vzájomné výhody: Výsledok interakcie medzi dvoma alebo viacerými ľuďmi, v ktorej sú na tom všetky strany lepšie, ako by boli bez interakcie (alebo aspoň niektoré strany sú na tom lepšie a žiadna nie je na tom horšie). | mutual gains: An outcome of an interaction among two or more people, in which all parties are better off as a result than they would have been without the interaction (or at least some parties are better off and none are worse off). |
| vzťah principál-agent: Ide o asymetrický vzťah, v ktorom jedna strana (principál) má prospech z určitého konania alebo vlastnosti druhej strany (agenta), o ktorej nemá dostatočné informácie na to, aby ich bolo možné zakotviť do úplnej zmluvy. | principal-agent relationship: This is an asymmetrical relationship in which one party (the principal) benefits from some action or attribute of the other party (the agent) about which the principal's information is not sufficient to enforce in a complete contract. |
| väzňova dilema: Hra, pri ktorej sú odmeny pri rovnováhe dominantných stratégií pre jednotlivých hráčov, ale aj v súčte nižšie ako v prípade, keď by dominantnú stratégiu nepoužil ani jeden z hráčov. | prisoners' dilemma: A game in which the payoffs in the dominant strategy equilibrium are lower for each player, and also lower in total, than if neither player played the dominant strategy. |
| výhody z výmeny: Výhody, ktoré každá strana transakcie získa v porovnaní s tým, ako by sa im darilo bez výmeny. | gains from trade: The benefits that each party gains from a transaction compared to how they would have fared without the exchange. |
| výmenný kurz: | exchange rate: The number of units of home currency that can be exchanged for one unit of foreign currency. For example, Australia’s exchange rate between the Australian dollar (AUD) and the US dollar (USD) is defined as the number of AUD per USD. An increase in this number is a depreciation of the AUD, and a decrease is an appreciation of the AUD. The number of units of home currency that can be exchanged for one unit of foreign currency. For example, the number of Australian dollars (AUD) needed to buy one US dollar (USD) is defined as number of AUD per USD. An increase in this rate is a depreciation of the AUD and a decrease is an appreciation of the AUD. |
| výnos: Implikovaná miera návratnosti, ktorú kupujúci získa za svoje peniaze, keď si dlhopis kúpi za trhovú hodnotu. | yield: The implied rate of return that the buyer gets on their money when they buy a bond at its market price. |
| výrobné faktory: | factors of production: The labour, machinery and equipment (usually referred to as capital), land, and other inputs to a production process. |
| výrobný faktor: | factor of production: Any input into a production process is called a factor of production. Factors of production may include labour, machinery and equipment (usually referred to as capital), land, energy, and raw materials. |
| výskum a vývoj: Výdavky súkromného alebo verejného subjektu na vytvorenie nových výrobných metód, výrobkov alebo iných ekonomicky relevantných nových poznatkov. | research and development: Expenditures by a private or public entity to create new methods of production, products, or other economically relevant new knowledge. |
| vývoz: | exports: Goods and services produced in a particular country and sold to households, firms, and governments in other countries. |
| vývoz (X): | exports (X): Goods and services produced in a particular country and sold to households, firms and governments in other countries. |
| zamestnanecká renta: Ekonomická renta, ktorú získa pracovník, keď čistá hodnota jeho zamestnania prevyšuje čistú hodnotu ďalšej najlepšej alternatívy (teda nezamestnanosti). | employment rent: The economic rent a worker receives when the net value of her job exceeds the net value of her next best alternative (that is, being unemployed). |
| zisková prirážka: Rozdiel medzi cenou a hraničnými nákladmi. | profit margin: The difference between the price and the marginal cost. |
| zložená ročná miera rastu (CAGR): | compound annual growth rate (CAGR): The average annual compound growth rate over a given time period. |
| zlyhanie trhu: Dochádza k nemu, keď trhy rozdelia zdroje Pareto neefektívnym spôsobom. | market failure: When markets allocate resources in a Pareto-inefficient way. |
| zlyhanie vlády: Zlyhanie politickej zodpovednosti. (Tento pojem sa používa v rôznych významoch, pričom žiadny z nich nie je striktne analogický so zlyhaním trhu, pre ktoré je jediným kritériom Paretova neefektívnosť). | government failure: A failure of political accountability. (This term is widely used in a variety of ways, none of them strictly analogous to market failure, for which the criterion is simply Pareto inefficiency). |
| zmierňovanie (environmentálnych škôd): | abatement: Practices to limit or reverse environmental damages. |
| zmluva: Právny dokument alebo dohoda, ktorá špecifikuje súbor činností, ktoré musia zmluvné strany vykonať. | contract: A legal document or understanding that specifies a set of actions that parties to the contract must undertake. |
| zodpovednosť: Povinnosť osoby (alebo orgánu) prijímajúcej rozhodnutia reagovať na potreby a priania ľudí, ktorých tieto rozhodnutia ovplyvňujú. | accountability: The obligation of a decision-maker (or body) to be responsive to the needs and wishes of people affected by his, her or its decisions. |
| zábezpeka: Aktívum, ktoré dlžník dáva do zálohy veriteľovi ako zabezpečenie za úver. Ak dlžník nie je schopný splácať pôžičku tak, ako sľúbil, vlastníkom majetku sa stáva veriteľ. | collateral: An asset that a borrower pledges to a lender as a security for a loan. If the borrower is not able to make the loan payments as promised, the lender becomes the owner of the asset. |
| základná hodnota akcie: Cena akcie na základe očakávaných budúcich ziskov a úrovne rizika. | fundamental value of a share: The share price based on anticipated future earnings and the level of risk. |
| základná úroková miera: Úroková sadzba stanovená centrálnou bankou, ktorá sa vzťahuje na banky, ktoré si požičiavajú menovú bázu navzájom a od centrálnej banky. | policy (interest) rate: The interest rate set by the central bank, which applies to banks that borrow base money from each other, and from the central bank. |
| záporná užitočnosť z vynaloženého úsilia: Miera, do akej je vykonávanie úlohy (či vynakladanie úsilia) nepríjemné. | disutility of effort: The degree to which doing some task (effort) is unpleasant. |
| zárobok: Mzdy, platy a iný príjem z práce. | earnings: Wages, salaries, and other income from labour. |
| zásada znečisťovateľ platí: Usmernenie environmentálnej politiky, podľa ktorej by tí, ktorí spôsobujú negatívne vplyvy na životné prostredie iným, mali platiť za škody, ktoré spôsobujú, prostredníctvom daní alebo iných prostriedkov. | polluter pays principle: A guide to environmental policy according to which those who impose negative environmental effects on others should be made to pay for the damages they impose, through taxation or other means. |
| záslužné statky: Tovary a služby, ktoré by mali byť dostupné pre každého, nezávisle od jeho schopnosti platiť. | merit goods: Goods and services that should be available to everyone, independently of their ability to pay. |
| závislá práca: Systém, v ktorom sú výrobcovia platení za čas, ktorý odpracujú pre svojho zamestnávateľa. | wage labour: A system in which producers are paid for the time they work for their employers. |
| úkolová mzda: | piece rate: Under a piece rate contract, a worker is paid a fixed amount for each unit (‘piece’) of the product made. |
| úkolová práca: Typ zamestnania, pri ktorom je pracovníkovi vyplácaná pevná suma za každú jednotku výrobku, ktorú vyrobí. | piece-rate work: A type of employment in which the worker is paid a fixed amount for each unit of the product that the worker produces. |
| úplná zmluva: | complete contract: A contract is complete if it a) covers all of the aspects of the exchange in which any party to the exchange has an interest, and b) is enforceable (by the courts) at close to zero cost to the parties. |
| úroková miera: Cena za presunutie časti kúpnej sily dopredu v čase. | interest rate: The price of bringing buying power forward in time, by borrowing. Interest is the additional amount that the borrower promises to repay. The rate of interest is the amount of interest to be repaid per period, as a proportion of the loan. |
| úroková miera (krátkodobá): Cena za požičanie menovej bázy. Ide o nominálnu úrokovú mieru. | interest rate (short-term): The price of borrowing base money. This is a nominal interest rate. |
| úspory: Keď sú výdavky na spotrebu nižšie ako čistý príjem, dochádza k úsporám a výška majetku rastie. | saving: When consumption expenditure is less than net income, saving takes place and wealth rises. |
| úspory z rozsahu: Dochádza k nim vtedy, keď zdvojnásobenie všetkých vstupov do produkcie spôsobí, že sa výstupy viac než zdvojnásobia. Tvar krivky dlhodobých priemerných nákladov firmy závisí od výnosov z rozsahu výroby a od vplyvu rozsahu na ceny, ktoré platí za svoje vstupy. Označuje sa aj ako: rastúce výnosy z rozsahu. | economies of scale: These occur when doubling all of the inputs to a production process more than doubles the output. The shape of a firm’s long-run average cost curve depends both on returns to scale in production and the effect of scale on the prices it pays for its inputs. Also known as: increasing returns to scale. |
| úspory zo sortimentu: | economies of scope: Cost savings that occur when two or more products are produced jointly by a single firm, rather being produced in separate firms. |
| útok vkladateľov na banku: Situácia, v ktorej vkladatelia vyberajú finančné prostriedky z banky, pretože sa obávajú, že banka zbankrotuje a nesplní svoje záväzky (teda nevyplatí finančné prostriedky dlžné vkladateľom). | bank run: A situation in which depositors withdraw funds from a bank because they fear that it may go bankrupt and not honour its liabilities (that is, not repay the funds owed to depositors). |
| úverovo obmedzený: Opis jednotlivcov, ktorí si dokážu požičať len za nevýhodných podmienok. | credit-constrained: A description of individuals who are able to borrow only on unfavourable terms. |
| úverová sadzba (banková): Priemerný úrok, ktorý komerčné banky účtujú firmám a domácnostiam. Táto sadzba je zvyčajne vyššia ako základná úroková sadzba: rozdiel medzi nimi označujeme ako maržu, resp. výnosové rozpätie pri komerčných úveroch. Ide o nominálnu úrokovú mieru. | lending rate (bank): The average interest rate charged by commercial banks to firms and households. This rate will typically be above the policy interest rate: the difference is known as the markup or spread on commercial lending. This is a nominal interest rate. |
| úverové obmedzenia: | credit constraints: Credit constraints are restrictions on the amounts or terms on which individuals can borrow. |
| čistá hodnota: Aktíva mínus pasíva. | net worth: Assets less liabilities. |
| čistá netrpezlivosť: V situácii, keď je danosťou človeka rovnaká suma spotreby v tomto období aj neskôr, by sa táto vlastnosť prejavila tak, že by si cenil dodatočnú jednotku spotreby teraz viac ako dodatočnú jednotku neskôr. Dochádza k nej vtedy, keď je osoba netrpezlivá a chce spotrebovať viac teraz, pretože z dôvodu krátkozrakosti, slabej vôle alebo z iných dôvodov pripisuje spotrebe v budúcnosti menšiu hodnotu. | pure impatience: In a situation in which a person's endowment is the same amount of consumption this period and later, she would have this characteristic if she values an additional unit of consumption now over an additional unit later. It arises when a person is impatient to consume more now because she places less value on consumption in the future for reasons of myopia, weakness of will, or for other reasons. |
| čistá súčasná hodnota: Súčasná hodnota toku budúcich príjmov mínus súvisiace náklady (bez ohľadu na to, či sú náklady v súčasnosti alebo v budúcnosti). | net present value: The present value of a stream of future income minus the associated costs (whether the costs are in the present or the future). |
| čistý príjem: Hrubý príjem mínus opotrebenie. | net income: Gross income minus depreciation. |
| ľudský kapitál: Zásoba vedomostí, zručností, vlastností správania a osobnostných charakteristík, ktoré určujú produktivitu práce alebo pracovné príjmy jednotlivca. Je súčasťou daností jednotlivca. Investície do neho prostredníctvom vzdelávania, odbornej prípravy a socializácie môžu túto zásobu zvýšiť a takéto investície sú jedným zo zdrojov hospodárskeho rastu. | human capital: The stock of knowledge, skills, behavioural attributes, and personal characteristics that determine the labour productivity or labour earnings of an individual. It is part of an individual's endowments. Investment in this through education, training, and socialization can increase the stock, and such investment is one of the sources of economic growth. |
| široká peňažná zásoba: | broad money: The stock of money in circulation, which is defined as the sum of bank money and the base money that is in the hands of the non-bank public. The stock of money in circulation, which is the sum of base money (excluding legal tender held by banks) and bank money. |
| šok: Exogénna zmena v niektorých základných údajoch alebo premenných využitých v modeli. | shock: An exogenous change in some of the fundamental data or variables used in a model. |
| špecializácia: K špecializácii dochádza, keď krajina alebo iný subjekt vyrába menší rozsah tovarov a služieb, než spotrebuje, pričom tovary a služby, ktoré nevyrába, získa obchodovaním. | specialization: This takes place when a country or some other entity produces a narrower range of goods and services than it consumes, acquiring the goods and services that it does not produce by trade. |
| špekulatívne financovanie: Stratégia, ktorú firmy používajú na splnenie platobných záväzkov z pasív pomocou peňažných tokov, hoci firma týmto spôsobom nemôže splatiť istinu. Podniky v takejto situácii musia svoje pasíva pretransformovať, zvyčajne vydaním nového dlhu, aby splnili záväzky zo splatného dlhu. Termín vytvoril Hyman Minsky vo svojej Hypotéze finančnej nestability. | speculative finance: A strategy used by firms to meet payment commitments on liabilities using cash flow, although the firm cannot repay the principal in this way. Firms in this position need to 'roll over' their liabilities, usually by issuing new debt to meet commitments on maturing debt. Term coined by Hyman Minsky in his Financial Instability Hypothesis. |
| špekulácia: | speculation: Buying and selling assets in order to profit from an anticipated change in their price. |
| štruktúrna nezamestnanosť: Úroveň nezamestnanosti pri Nashovej rovnováhe modelu trhu práce a produktov. | structural unemployment: The level of unemployment at the Nash equilibrium of the labour and product market model. |
| štát podporujúci ekonomický rozvoj: Vláda, ktorá preberá vedúcu úlohu pri podpore procesu ekonomického rozvoja prostredníctvom verejných investícií, dotovania konkrétnych odvetví, vzdelávania a iných verejných politík. | developmental state: A government that takes a leading role in promoting the process of economic development through its public investments, subsidies of particular industries, education and other public policies. |
| štátna pomoc bankám: | bank bailout: The government buys an equity stake in a bank or some other intervention to prevent it from failing. |
| štátny dlhopis: Finančný nástroj vydávaný štátmi, ktorý sľubuje vyplácanie peňažných tokov v určitých intervaloch. | government bond: A financial instrument issued by governments that promises to pay flows of money at specific intervals. |